ORNL Synopsis: Analysis of a Metallic Specimen (1947 Mg-Zn-Bi specimen)

Synopsis: Analysis of a Metallic Specimen Introduction The All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) sponsored a series of measurements on a layered material specimen primarily composed of magnesium and zinc, with bands of bismuth and other co-located trace elements. The material specimen, whose origin and purpose are of long and debated history, is claimed to be recovered from an unidentified anomalous phenomenon (UAP) crash in or around 1947. Furthermore, the specimen’s physiochemical properties are claimed to make the material capable of “inertial mass reduction” (i.e., levitation or antigravity functionality), possibly attributable to the material’s bismuth and magnesium layers acting as a terahertz waveguide. Previously, US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) established a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with To the Stars Academy (TTSA) to evaluate the feasibility of exploiting any potential disruptive technology associated with this widely discussed specimen. AARO, founded in 2022, is congressionally mandated to explore historical records of UAP incidents and publicly report its findings. Although the long chain of custody for this specimen cannot be verified, public and media interest in the specimen warranted a transparent investigation that adhered to the scientific method. Subsequent to the TTSA–DEVCOM CRADA, AARO secured science and technology partner Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), one of 17 US Department of Energy national independently assess and perform thorough characterization studies on the specimen, leveraging ORNL’s 80-year history of world-leading materials science expertise. laboratories, to Figure 1. View of the as-received bulk specimen. Sticker containing internal sample tracking information edited out for public release. ORNL, an expert in materials characterization, has the diverse staff expertise and co-located ORNL’s 80-year history of world-leading materials science expertise. laboratories, to Figure 1. View of the as-received bulk specimen. Sticker containing internal sample tracking information edited out for public release. ORNL, an expert in materials characterization, has the diverse staff expertise and co-located, powerful instrumentation suites to allow rigorous scientific inquiry beyond the capabilities of most individual laboratories. Therefore, it is a highly qualified institution to maintain scientific integrity in its unbiased analysis of this specimen and its properties. AARO tasked ORNL with assessing whether (1) the specimen is of terrestrial origin and (2) the bismuth in the specimen could act as a terahertz waveguide. DEVCOM Ground Vehicle System Center provided ORNL access to the metallic specimen—a single parent sample and three previously derived subsamples, all from the same material—beginning in February 2023. ORNL materials science analyses evaluated the sample’s structure, chemical composition, and isotope ratios via multiple methods, including microscopy, spectroscopy, and spectrometry. Results align with previous DEVCOM analyses, indicating that the structure and composition of the bismuth layers do not meet the requirements necessary to serve as a terahertz waveguide. Furthermore, all data strongly support that the material is terrestrial in origin. 1 Methods All analyses and materials utilization were authorized and overseen by TTSA via the DEVCOM CRADA, and all analyses were preapproved by AARO and DEVCOM before ORNL received the specimen. Morphology and microstructural characteristics were investigated using the following techniques. • Optical microscopy: standard microscope analysis that allows imaging of microstructural features. • Computerized tomography, aka CT scan: X-ray imaging procedure that produces a 3D image of a sample without damaging it, revealing interior structural features. • ARO and DEVCOM before ORNL received the specimen. Morphology and microstructural characteristics were investigated using the following techniques. • Optical microscopy: standard microscope analysis that allows imaging of microstructural features. • Computerized tomography, aka CT scan: X-ray imaging procedure that produces a 3D image of a sample without damaging it, revealing interior structural features. • Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS): technique that produces 2D images at higher resolution to allow analysis of microstructure and elemental makeup. • (Scanning) transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy ([S]TEM-EDS): a suite of techniques that pass a high-energy (e.g., 200 kV) electron beam through a thin (<200 nm) foil of sample, allowing analysis of crystal structure, grain and feature morphology, and defects, as well as elemental makeup, all with nanometer to subnanometer resolution. Analyses of bulk chemical, elemental, and isotopic composition used mass spectrometry techniques, a suite of widely used analytical techniques that identify elements, their abundance within a sample (including very trace quantities), and their isotopic composition. Traceable quality control standards and method blanks were run throughout all analyses to monitor sample integrity and instrument performance. Results Morphology and Structure Data are consistent across multiple imaging approaches, showing that the material consists of distinct layers that merge and diverge at various points throughout the material. Interfaces showed fractures and other features that ORNL determined are consistent with a material that was originally whole but was strained by heat exposure and mechanical forces, possibly for extended periods. Figure 2 shows images of the specimen constructed using CT. ELEMENT AVERAGE Bi Pb Tl Fe Cd Mn Au Mo Sn Ва 3813 2859 215.13 55.1 36.96 28.99 10.618 0.5922 0.1328 0.0465 Units: trace elements are in parts per million (micrograms per gram of sample) b Tl Fe Cd Mn Au Mo Sn Ва 3813 2859 215.13 55.1 36.96 28.99 10.618 0.5922 0.1328 0.0465 Units: trace elements are in parts per million (micrograms per gram of sample) are of (sans Table 1. Trace element the composition specimen the bulk magnesium-zinc matrix), in decreasing order of abundance. considered All “trace,” at than less 0.1% abundance. Gray from reflects coupled inductively plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES); Blue reflects high- from results results resolution ICP-MS. Figure 2. Images produced via CT showing multiple angles of the bulk specimen, showcasing features including the layer nature of the material (bottom left) and edge with probable heat damage (bottom right). Chemical Composition Analysis using SEM-EDS determined that magnesium and zinc are the primary elements present in the specimen, comprising approximately 97.5% and 2% of the material, respectively. Minor elements detected (Table 1) were lead (Pb) and bismuth (Bi) (Figure 3), with lesser trace amounts of iron (Fe) and manganese 2 (Mn). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the most sensitive analysis technique performed, additionally revealed the presence of small amounts of cadmium (Cd), thallium (Tl), gold (Au), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), and barium (Ba). If a detected element abundance fell beneath the lower bound of the calibration curve or below the method detection limit, then the element is not displayed in Table 1 because that element was extremely unlikely to have been a purposeful addition to the manufacturing process. Figure 3: Backscattered electron image (B olybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), and barium (Ba). If a detected element abundance fell beneath the lower bound of the calibration curve or below the method detection limit, then the element is not displayed in Table 1 because that element was extremely unlikely to have been a purposeful addition to the manufacturing process. Figure 3: Backscattered electron image (BSE, top left) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) maps from one subsample (SEM beam energy: 30 kV), presented as estimated weight percent (minor elements not shown, so numbers will not total 100%). Carbon (C) map indicates the embedding epoxy. The magnesium matrix (Mg) is clearly visible, along with the cracks in the matrix. The zinc (Zn) map shows regions of higher and lower zinc content. At the top of the lead (Pb) and bismuth (Bi) maps, co-located layers are visible. (Figure 5 presents additional imaging of the banded element composition, showing multiple Pb–Bi layers.) Crystalline Structures TEM revealed that the crystalline structure of magnesium in the specimen was consistent with common magnesium alloy structures (Figure 4). Laser ablation ICP-MS revealed banding of the zinc components, along with layered co- location of lead and bismuth (in an approximate 1:1 ratio) in the bands. The bismuth-rich portions of the specimen lacked a clear crystalline structure, instead appearing to consist of highly nanocrystalline pockets in an otherwise amorphous matrix (Figure 4). Pure single-crystalline bismuth in a single thin layer has been postulated to have the ability to function as a waveguide, a material that can disrupt or direct an electric or energy field—in this case, terahertz waves (electromagnetic waves with microscale wavelengths). Although the damage to the specimen (including suspected heat stress) precludes a definitive statement describing the specimen’s original structure, the amorphous and nanocrystalline appearance of the bismuth in the examined layers of the current specimen likely indicates that a pure crystalline layer of b field—in this case, terahertz waves (electromagnetic waves with microscale wavelengths). Although the damage to the specimen (including suspected heat stress) precludes a definitive statement describing the specimen’s original structure, the amorphous and nanocrystalline appearance of the bismuth in the examined layers of the current specimen likely indicates that a pure crystalline layer of bismuth was never present within the material. Moreover, the postulated structure of such a theoretical bismuth-based waveguide requires it to be in a single layer between a material possessing a different dielectric constant. However, multiple bismuth layers throughout a material have not been postulated to be capable of achieving or improving this waveguide functionality—in fact, multiple layers could instead interfere with such functionality. Thus, the layered nature of the impure bismuth within the specimen likely precludes it from acting as a waveguide (Figure 5). 3 Finally, based on the postulated hypothetical uses of bismuth, the dielectric properties necessary for bismuth to function as a waveguide would have been disrupted in this material because the bismuth in the specimen is co- located and mixed with lead (Figures 3 and 5). Based on these findings ORNL determined that this material is highly unlikely to have ever functioned as a bismuth-based terahertz waveguide. (a) (b) 5 μm 5 nm-1 (c) (d) γ =3.0 Bi2O3 5 μm 5 nm-1 Bi Figure 4: (a) TEM micrograph of a single-crystalline region from the bulk of the sample; structural defects are visible at this level of resolution (this figure is showing an area that represents just 2 to 3 pixels of the area shown in Figure 3). The vertical lines at the bottom are a focused ion beam preparation artifact. (b) Selected area electron diffraction pattern (SAEDP) from the region in (a), indexed to the standard Mg structure. (c) A low-magnification montage TEM micrograph of an area showing a dense bismuth-rich layer (dark central band). (d) A SAEDP from a bismuth-rich band. The electron ion beam preparation artifact. (b) Selected area electron diffraction pattern (SAEDP) from the region in (a), indexed to the standard Mg structure. (c) A low-magnification montage TEM micrograph of an area showing a dense bismuth-rich layer (dark central band). (d) A SAEDP from a bismuth-rich band. The electron diffraction pattern (with image processing γ=3.0) from the bismuth-rich region is shown in the white rings. Both bismuth (Bi, yellow) and Bi2O3 (red) calculated ring patterns are shown for comparison; Bi is a slightly better match. The diffraction indicates that the bismuth layer is nanocrystalline and highly defective. 4 Figure 5. Laser ablation ICP-MS elemental maps. (Top) Colocation of lead (green), bismuth (blue), and zinc (red), the three primary minor elements in the material. Blending of colors indicates co-location: teal indicates the nearly 1:1 ratio of lead to bismuth. (Bottom) Elemental map of bismuth concentration (hot [yellow] = more, cool [purple] = less). Bismuth is most concentrated at the top but is present in many repeating layers. Isotope Analysis Multicollector ICP-MS analysis showed that the specimen’s magnesium and lead isotope composition is consistent with other materials manufactured and used terrestrially (Figures 6 and 7). Isotopes are varying forms of the same element with differing mass, and their proportions affect the chemical properties of and reveal information about the history of the material within which the isotopes are found. All elements have isotopes, and the ratio between the amounts of various isotopes is called the isotopic signature, which is akin to a fingerprint in chemical analyses. The magnesium isotopic signature of the specimen is fractionated (possibly owing to the mechanical and heat strain that the material appears to have undergone) but falls within normal terrestrial compositions and precisely within the expected trendlines of fractionation (Figure 6). Each star system has a magnesium isotopic composi tion that was inherited from its local star-forming region. Figure 6 shows the magne s fractionated (possibly owing to the mechanical and heat strain that the material appears to have undergone) but falls within normal terrestrial compositions and precisely within the expected trendlines of fractionation (Figure 6). Each star system has a magnesium isotopic composi tion that was inherited from its local star-forming region. Figure 6 shows the magne sium isotopic signature of various materials originating within our solar system. The straight lines in the bottom graphic representation are the kinetic and equilibrium mass fractionation trendlines, which define the types of isotopic shifts incurred on the basis of mass. Fractionation occurs due to chemical reactions and physical processes (e.g., manufacturing and mining) and is normal during the lifespan of natural and manufactured ma terials and their components. The materials in Figure 6—including the specimen—fall on or near the fractionation trendlines, strongly indicating that their starting compositions were once the same and have been systematically changed as a result of mass fractionation. If a ma- terial originated outside our solar system, its magnesium isotopic signature could plot nearly anywhere in the top graphic representation of Figure 6—in stead, the specimen’s data plots it precisely within the expected fractionation trendlines for known compositions specific to our solar system. Less complexly, the lead isotopic signature of this specimen is fully consistent with “common lead” compositions that exist naturally on Earth and within terrestrial materials (Figure 7), distinctly separate from even lunar materials, indicating it is extremely likely that the material originated on Earth. 5 -400 -200 0 UP TO 1400 200 400 -200 0 δ25Mg (‰) δ25Mg (‰) -200 -400 4 2 0 -8 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -22 UP TO 1,000 UP TO 5.0 X 105 UP TO 1.5 X 106 UP TO 5.0 X 105 UP TO 750 200 0 200 400 Graphite HD - low metal AGB Graphite LD - Super Nova Group 1 - low to intermediate mass Red Giant or AGB star Group 2 - low/very low-mass AGB star Group UP TO 1.5 X 106 UP TO 5.0 X 105 UP TO 750 200 0 200 400 Graphite HD - low metal AGB Graphite LD - Super Nova Group 1 - low to intermediate mass Red Giant or AGB star Group 2 - low/very low-mass AGB star Group 3 - low mass, low metallicity Group 4 - Super Nova δ26Mg (‰) 0 -17 -12 -7 -2 0 δ26Mg (‰) Equilibrium fractionation Kinetic Fractionation Meteorites Sample A Earth Seawater Manufactured metal Aerospace metal DOW metal NASA JSC metal Brazilian specimen Figure 6: Artistic representation including the magnesium isotope systematics of the unknown material, specifically shown relative to other terrestrial, non-terrestrial, and extrasolar materials. The figures plot the δ26Mg′ vs. the δ25Mg′, which represent the differences in 26Mg/24Mg and 25Mg/24Mg isotopes relative to a known standard (DSM-3) in parts per thousand (‰) notation. This calculation adjusts for known instrumental mass bias effects inherent in ICP-MS analyses and is consistent with how magnesium data in literature are often presented. (Top) The extreme magnesium isotope compositions possible from different star types. (Bottom) A zoomed-in view of the magnesium isotope compositions of local solar system materials and the material in question. Uncertainty envelopes are not included, but when plotted with their uncertainties, data points overlap the kinetic and equilibrium fractionation lines. (Note: Data points shown with a diamond shape, included for completeness, were extracted from an older analysis source; we cannot directly verify the precision or correctness of these data. The delta values were calculated relative to DSM-3, and a systematic offset correction factor was applied; error bars for these points reach ± 2 ‰ uncertainty.) 6 1.400 1.200 1.000 0.800 207Pb/206Pb from an older analysis source; we cannot directly verify the precision or correctness of these data. The delta values were calculated relative to DSM-3, and a systematic offset correction factor was applied; error bars for these points reach ± 2 ‰ uncertainty.) 6 1.400 1.200 1.000 0.800 207Pb/206Pb 0.600 0.400 0.200 0.000 204Pb/206Pb 0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 Sample A Silver Coins Industrial Pb Galena Airborne Particulate Matter Feldspars Meteorite Troilite Mars SRM-982 measured SRM 982 SRM 981 SRM 983 Pacific Ocean Sulfides Lunar Glasses Gasoline Figure 7. Lead (Pb) isotope systematics of the unknown material, shown relative to other terrestrial and non-terrestrial materials in 206Pb/204Pb vs. 207Pb/206Pb. This plot has three end-member compositions: (1) primordial lead, which is the starting composition of the lead in the solar system; (2) pure radiogenic lead from the decay of naturally occurring uranium; and (3) terrestrial lead or “common lead,” which is defined by repeat analyses. The specimen has a lead isotopic composition that plots precisely in the field of terrestrial lead compositions. SRM stands for standard reference material, materials typically used to perform instrument calibrations due to their well-characterized composition or properties, as measured and certified by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Institute for Standards and Technology. 7 Conclusion AARO secured ORNL to independently assess the requirements necessary to confirm or contest public claims that this historical specimen is of non-terrestrial origin and that it is capable of functioning as a bismuth-based terahertz waveguide. Although Commerce’s National Institute for Standards and Technology. 7 Conclusion AARO secured ORNL to independently assess the requirements necessary to confirm or contest public claims that this historical specimen is of non-terrestrial origin and that it is capable of functioning as a bismuth-based terahertz waveguide. Although the origin, chain of custody, and ultimate purpose of this specimen remain unclear, a modern and robust analysis of its chemical and structural composition and properties does not indicate that its origin is non-terrestrial, nor do the data indicate that the material examined ever had the pure single-crystalline bismuth layer that could possibly have acted as a terahertz waveguide. 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