Doc 0000151875

The image displays a digitally rendered image of a bank vault door on the left side. The text on the right side indicates that the document was obtained from "The Black Vault," an online database of declassified government documents, specifically the "MKULTRA/Mind Control Collection." The text also provides a URL for accessing the collection. There are no photographs, handwritten annotations, official stamps, forms, diagrams, tables, or redactions visible in this image. • , . 5 JlrJ.7 l959 Ill' -~ ..__ _.,, COMPARISON OF THE REACTIONS INDUCED frt PSILOCYBU~ AND LSD-2$ IN ~Wi By Harris Isbell ;··· . ·:· FrOl!l the National Institute ot Mental Health• Addiction Research Center, • u. s. Public Health Service, Lex!ngtonJ Kentucky. 8-r7/ COMPAJt 1 SON OF THE REACT !ONS INDUCED BY PSILOCYBIN AND LSD-2$ IN r~ The use ot certain intoxicating Dr'wshrooma by Indians in it:. ( ~lex! co has been rev! ewed by Hofma.ll.&"'l .!!, 1958) • V. P. and R. G. Wasson (1957) have reported the way ln which the mushrooms are taken by the Mexican Indians and the hallucinatory experiences occurring following their lngest!on. Hofmann !1-~ (1958a) have described the !dent1fleat!on ot the mushrooms and their successful culture Heim, and b,y Helm and Ca!lleux. ~ (1958) Isolated a pure compound from the Hormann~~ mushrooms which had the eharncter1st1cs of an lndoleamlne and contained phosphorus. Later the compound was 1dentlt1ed ~1ch as o•Phosphoryl-4-hydrox,y-N-dimethyl tryptamine, was synthesized (Hot:mann, 1958; Hofma.'Ul ~ al., 19S8 a. and b) and named ps11oeyb1n. Pre11m1nary studies In man (Hofmann e~ .!?!» ·1958a) showed that · . or 4 the compound. ln doses to 8 mg. Induced an abnormal mental state that seen after LSD or mescaline. In animals ~esembl!ng .. (Cer1ettl 1958). psiloc.ybln caused neurovegetative symptoms 1 or although 1t had no h!gh degree act1v1ty on peripheral .... ·- /J-/7{) ---"' Page Z autonomic s~ructures. The autonomic etrects ot psilocybin seemed to be due to~ central sympathetic stimulation. It facilitated spinal reflexes and causea an "arousal" p_a.ttern ln EEG. although motor behavior was depressed. ~~e or Because or the chemical relationship psilocybin to serotonin and to bufotenine, and because of the possible role ot serotonin (5-hydroxy tryptamine) ln the function of the central nervous system. a detailed comparison ot the effects ' or pa!locyb1n with those ot the dlet.hylamlde ot d-lyserglc acid (LSD-25) ln man was thought to be ot interest. /3-/19 • Page 3 UE1'HODS preliminary Experiments. In order to confirm the dose range reportad by Hofma~' !1~ (1958a), several prellminar,y experiments were done in which 7 v.olunteers ingested ' a.o psilocybin orally 1n doses ranging rrom 0.5 to mg/70 kg of body !ndt.-:atcd psilocybin w~ignt. Th~sa e~?erltncnts t..~at ca~sed definite mental e!fects !n doses ot 2 to 8 mg/70 kg which were by pupillary dilatation• increased tendon acco~p~~led or · and Increased blood pressure. The mental effects reflexe~, This page is a title page from a document. It includes a handwritten number "155" circled in the top left, and a handwritten date "5 May 1959" with a signature-like squiggle below it on the right. The main content is typed, detailing a comparison of reactions induced by psilocybin and LSD-25 in man, authored by Harris Isbell and originating from the National Institute of Mental Health, Addiction Research Center in Lexington, Kentucky. There are also two instances of handwritten markings in the bottom left and bottom right corners, an angled set of characters that appears to be "e-268" or similar, and "B-171". ' a.o psilocybin orally 1n doses ranging rrom 0.5 to mg/70 kg of body !ndt.-:atcd psilocybin w~ignt. Th~sa e~?erltncnts t..~at ca~sed definite mental e!fects !n doses ot 2 to 8 mg/70 kg which were by pupillary dilatation• increased tendon acco~p~~led or · and Increased blood pressure. The mental effects reflexe~, seemed to resemble thosa.or LSD. A more detailed psllo~Jbin experiment was then carried out ut111z1ng 9 patients. '; SubJP.cts. The sttbJects used ln these experiments were all negro males who were tor-mer drug addicts and who ware ·. ..:.:·· . serving sentences for violation ot United States narcotic th~ laws •. Thetr ages.ranged b~t~en 22 a.1d 40 years. All were in good phys!cal health, and none presentee evidQncu ol ot ~7.1 the major psychoses. All had experienced the effects ot LSD-25 ln previous experiments. ;. . --- General Conditions. The experiments were all conducted !n a special ward devoted to cllnical research. Observations were made by specially trained at.t.~ndants with many yeax-s ot experience tn observing pat1ent3 who have received ~~ious The patients entered this special ward on the night dru~s. before the experiments were conducted. They were awaltened at 6:30 a.m. Each patient was rree to mix and mingle with other patients ln a common dayroom. or to in his own room, as r~ma1n he preferred. 1 LSD-2$ and psilocybin were administered in solution ln syrup. The syrup was used in order to raspber~ or mask the sl!Shtly bitter taste psilocybin. Drugs were administered at 8 a.m. with the patients tasting. All patients received, in a randoml:ed balanced order, a placebo, 1.0 and · 1.S meg/kg o! LSD, S7, 86, and 114 meg/kg of psilocybin (4.0, 6.0 and a.o.mg/70 ltg). The "a1ngle-b11nd11 proeedura was followed throughout ... The patient$ were not aware of ths -· ldent1ty ot the given on a speei!lc day but of the d~ugs on~ attendants. tor reasons ot safety~ did know what medication had been given. ....... ~ 5 Pa~a Observations. The following observations were made at hourly intervals from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. after the patients had rested quietly for· ten minutes in bed: rectal temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, systolic and blooa diastoll~ . pressure. o! pupils, and thresholds al ici t.i.ng the uiaJn~t.er l~or Mcthoc!s tor these wc:re ltneeJ~rl~. roa!tl.n~ .ncanureue:.~s thos~ At hourly intc:-vals :from to .)':30 p.m. patlcnts 7~30 ~.m. 2 completed a qucstionnaire modified from that of ~ramson bed: rectal temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, systolic and blooa diastoll~ . pressure. o! pupils, and thresholds al ici t.i.ng the uiaJn~t.er l~or Mcthoc!s tor these wc:re ltneeJ~rl~. roa!tl.n~ .ncanureue:.~s thos~ At hourly intc:-vals :from to .)':30 p.m. patlcnts 7~30 ~.m. 2 completed a qucstionnaire modified from that of ~ramson !l !! (1955), with tile help ot an aide. A short mental status ... examir..ation was ma<le one and ow~-half to two hours after the ... · drug ~1d a gradej (scale 0-4) o~ the lntens~ty o! the reaction was assigned according to the system used in rating the intensity of the LSD reaction (ls.bell -et -al, 19.56). Ar~blvsis of . D ata • Tha ct.all£U aft~r C:rugs in rectal temperature, pulse .and respirat~ry rates, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pupilla.ry size, and threshold for elicitation of the kneeJcrk were ealculat~d by subtracting the figures obtained at various hours after the drugs from the average of the two pre-drug observations. The areas under the time-action curves for each subject, and for each dose of each medication for the various mca~urcments, vcre then e&lculat~d by the /} -/f- f,- . :~- l '·· -- ...... Page 6 method ot Wlnte~ and Flatake~ (19$0). This procedure converts all the data on a particular measurement ror an 1nd1vtdua1 receiving a given dose ot a drug to one figure. the number ot positive responses on the que:tionna!res· atter the d~gs ~re. counted over the entire observation period, eliminating answers wnlch wers also scored positively be!ore the drugs. Means and or standard errors means-were calculated according to standard statistical techniques. The t-test tor pa1re4 observations was used ln evaluating the significance of dltterences !n the nobjectlve~ (temperature, pupils, etc.) _signs (Edwards, 1946). Nonparametric tests (Wilcoxon. 1949) ~re used ln evaluating or the s1gn1~1cancs ditterences in the number ot poslt!ve responses on the questionnaire and on the clinical gr~de. Measurements ot pupillary diameter (an "obJect.1ve11 measure) , and .numbe-r ot post t.1ve responses on the questionnaire ( a • 0 "subJective" mee1sure) were tabulated ancl averaged at each observation ttme before and after the drugs, 1n or~er to obtaln tlme-actlon curves. or Regression 11nes tor dose-effect cur~ss, calculat!ona relative potency and confidence 11m1ts were cal~~lated by the methods deserU:usd by Bliss (1952). · ·• In order·to compare tha pattern of subjective response, the $7 questions constituting the questionnaire were classltled lnto nlna categor1es._4 The questionnaires were This document page is primarily text-based, containing a typed excerpt from a scientific paper. There are no photographs, diagrams, stamps, or forms visible. The only handwritten annotation is a number "B-170" in the bottom right corner. The content focuses on the comparison of reactions induced by psilocybin and LSD-25 in humans, discussing research and synthesis of psilocybin. or~er to obtaln tlme-actlon curves. or Regression 11nes tor dose-effect cur~ss, calculat!ona relative potency and confidence 11m1ts were cal~~lated by the methods deserU:usd by Bliss (1952). · ·• In order·to compare tha pattern of subjective response, the $7 questions constituting the questionnaire were classltled lnto nlna categor1es._4 The questionnaires were then scored by counting the number ot patients responding to a pos1t1ve1~ g!ven question two or more times after administration ot the drug,- after <t;;h!ch the number of pst1ents responding post t!vely to a given category ot_quest1on8 was determined b,y adding the totata tor all the questions the particular const1tu~1ng category. RESULTS . General Clinical Descr!ptlon ot the P!!llocvhln Renetlon. thls de•crlpt!on ot·the reaction occurring atter ps!locyb!n 1s . based primarily on the data obtained with the 114 mcgm/kg dose. or Following administration psllocybln orally the patients . usually spontaneously reported the t!rst subjective effects wl thin 10 t.o 15 minutes •.. Those effects cons1st.ecl or vagus .. sensations that things looked, felt, or acemed peculiar, and wero accompanied by mlld anxiety. After 30 minute:. ~!ety became quite def1nlto and was -'Xpre!ilsed as consisting of rear that something evil was go!ng to happen. fear ot 1nsani ty, or At of death. thls changes in mood, usually ln the tim~, dlrect!on of elation the anxiety) and sometimes ln (de~plte the direction of depression, occurred. The patients reported -~ Page 8 tnereasecl keenn~ss of' hc3rlng. parCJsthesia. and blurr!.ng ot vlslon •. O:to hour a!t.er the dr11g the reaction was Wf!ll Anxiety more marked and, 1n some cases was d~velopad. b~came intense. Elat.lon, present.. wats great and 1n patients ~en so~e was expressed by almost continuous gales of laughter •. Alterations ln all sensory modalities were mentioned, pr~et!cally particularly 1n touch, hearing and vision. is the case A~ ~th LSD, dtstort1on ot visual paree~tlon was outst~~dlng, and d!stance, depth, stze, shape color. Visual ~nvalved an~ distortion usually varied rapidly trom mc~ent-to-moment. or Perception elemantar,y visual were commonly h~llucinatlons report~d. These entoptle phenomena consisted o! colored l!ghts which rtlcltered and eoalase'id to form patterns vuylng 1r. a · kale!doseoptc fashlon. or of shadows that seemed to dance on the wall. In sensitive patlent$ or shadows ~~e 11~hts we~e 1 ... percsivad as a tiefi-n!t.e person. or an!mal the obj~ct, wh1~'1 lndlv1du3.l could name. .'!he patients rep•Jrtea 1neraas~d 4itt1cu1 t:,r 111. t.hlnlt!ng. dlff!eul ty !n ::o.nce..~tr3tion1 L"t4 1n carrying out simple arithmetical or reading. They The page is a black and white scan of a typewritten document, bearing the header "Page 2" in the upper right corner. The text discusses the physiological and behavioral effects of psilocybin, referencing its relationship to serotonin and comparing its effects to LSD. There are no photographs, diagrams, stamps, forms, tables, or redactions visible. In the lower right corner, there is a handwritten annotation "B-169." The document appears to be a research paper or report, with a dotted line and two small black circles near the top, possibly remnants of binding or a filing system. This document page features typed text with a prominent header "METHODS" and "Page 3". There are no photographs, diagrams, tables, or forms visible. Handwritten marginalia appears in the bottom right corner, reading "B-168". There are no official stamps, redactions, or visual evidence of experimental procedures, equipment, or facilities. The page is primarily text-based, outlining preliminary experiments and subject descriptions related to psilocybin and LSD. seemed to dance on the wall. In sensitive patlent$ or shadows ~~e 11~hts we~e 1 ... percsivad as a tiefi-n!t.e person. or an!mal the obj~ct, wh1~'1 lndlv1du3.l could name. .'!he patients rep•Jrtea 1neraas~d 4itt1cu1 t:,r 111. t.hlnlt!ng. dlff!eul ty !n ::o.nce..~tr3tion1 L"t4 1n carrying out simple arithmetical or reading. They eal~1latlcns or reported a "rush ti1o1:ghts, 11 '\\ri th one though~ replacing or another before the t1rst was completed. A tea11ng alteration 1n ~~a 1nd1v1dual's own body oeeu~red consistently ana var1~d I] /1'-? I' j;• ..,) ~--· r --- .' j trom simple reeling ot light or heavy to marked ' b~lng J alterations in sl:e. shape or color. Soma patients telt th~ had become ver.y large. or had shrunk to the size ot children. Their hands or feet 4!4 net seem to he their own, ana,somet!mes took en tha of animal paws. At times. patients had appearar~e the the that could see blood and bones ln their sen~atlon th~ own body or in that ot another person. They reported many fantasies or dream-like states !n wh1~h the,y seemed to be elsewhere. Fantastic experiences. such as trips to the moon or· living 1n gorgeous castles, were reported. ~ce~ionally Despite these subJective experiences, the patients str~k!ng or!cnted !n t1me. plnce and person. In r~a1ned ~ost !nstar~ea the pat!ants dld not· lcs0 their insight~ but realized that the ertcets due to the drug. Two or the 9 patients, ~re however~ did loae !ns!ght and :telt that their experiences "l'e caused by the exper1m-ente::-~ controlling their minds. Reaction u:uully reached !ts peak one and after the drug was .~nc-halt hour~ given and rstll3.1nec:1 lnte:.,se tor two to· three hours. It. sub~lded almost completely five to six hours after the drug was given. The mast compared the su~Jects tre~~ently subJe~t!ve experiences after ps!locyb1n to those attar LSD or oc~~rrln~ marihuana. Pasa lO ~ . ... .,.. ~. ~ ····./ . Ob,!eet.1v~ 1,1easuremcnts. measurementa are shown 1n table 1. compared with the ~lacabo were observGd atter both doses ot . LSD and after ona or mar 1 or the doses ot ps!loeybtn. ln the . or cases rectal pulse and respiratory rates, temparatu~a, blood pupillary s!zc, and threshold tor syst~l!c p~e$sure. elle!tatlon of the kneeJerk. Thus. psilocybin indJ uced a pattern or autonomic and central nat'voua systeM excitation similar to that caus4d by LSD. l;)ut was, or course, less potent than the latter drug. SubJective This document page contains typed text with a handwritten annotation at the bottom right corner, reading "B-167". There are also two dark circular marks near the top of the page, possibly from a hole punch or binder clips. The text describes experimental procedures, including the administration of drugs like LSD-25 and psilocybin, and observational protocols. No photographs, stamps, forms, diagrams, tables, or redactions are present. or cases rectal pulse and respiratory rates, temparatu~a, blood pupillary s!zc, and threshold tor syst~l!c p~e$sure. elle!tatlon of the kneeJerk. Thus. psilocybin indJ uced a pattern or autonomic and central nat'voua systeM excitation similar to that caus4d by LSD. l;)ut was, or course, less potent than the latter drug. SubJective Met\surer.1enta. S1gn1£icant changes,· as compare·d with plaeebo occurred after all coses ot both drugs, with 1 respect to number o! poaltive respcnsss on ~~e queat1or~1~e and to the cl!nica! gra~a. Data en the 0pat.t*rn or response• 1a shewn tn table 2. When the patterns atte~ ~~e tuo drugs arQ ecmpared at tha most nearly equivalent doses (1.0 megm/kg ot LS~~ L44 114 mcgm/kg ot psilocybin) !t is evident that tho pattern3 c!ter the t~·drugs ·Qre very a1mila~. except !n 1nc1dan=e Of nt~U4 hallue!nat!ons.~ /?_;,~I I/ --- I ; I l ·• Page ll The t1me•eourse after placebo and the various doses of the two drugs is shown ln tables 3 and 4• t1me of onset Th~ Is very similar both drugs. This result may be, to some afte~ extent, an artefact ot the tlxed observation times, ~!nee patients consistently began to report subjective changes sooner after psilocybin than after LSD. Definite pupillary dilatation occurred one-hour after both drugs, with the pe~{ effect occurring at one hour after pslloeybln and two hours after LSD. As judged by number of responses on the question naire, the reaction was beginning tQ subside by the third to the fourth hour after both·drugs, reaching lnslgnlficant levels five and one-half hours after psilocybin and six and one-half hours after LSD. The length of action of psilocybin seems or definitely shorter than that LSD. Comparative Potency of LSD and Ps,11ocvb!n. From the data, or or a number dose-effect curves comparing the potency LSD and psilocybin can be constructed. Thoss based on the total course (pupillary diameter, ot positive responses and n~~er r clinical grade) yielded estimates that LSD is approximately 100-150 times as potent as psilocybin. Since the total course --- ' ' ot the psilocybin reaction was shorter than that of the LSD or reaction estimates potency could be misleading. For tlt~se --........._ ---··--·--- this reason, change in pupillary diameter at two hours and the -·· number or posi.t.tve responses at one e.nd one-halt hour$ were calculated and used in constructing the dose-effect curves ... · shown in f'1 gure 1. - Analysts of these data The page is a typed document with handwritten annotations. At the top right, "Page 5" is typed. In the bottom right corner, a handwritten annotation reads "B-166". There are no photographs, stamps, forms, diagrams, tables, or redactions visible on this page. The text describes observations and methods used in a study involving patients, drug administration, and measurements of physiological responses. potency could be misleading. For tlt~se --........._ ---··--·--- this reason, change in pupillary diameter at two hours and the -·· number or posi.t.tve responses at one e.nd one-halt hour$ were calculated and used in constructing the dose-effect curves ... · shown in f'1 gure 1. - Analysts of these data at approximately peak effect for both drugs gave potency estimates with 5 per , to cent confidence limits of 1 mcgm/kg of LSD being equi~alent or 121 (103-1$6} mcgm/kg psilo~Jbln in the casa of pupillary change, end to 110 (60-218) mcgm/kg in the case ot responses on the questionnaire. These two dose-effect curves met the usunl tests for parallelism and slope. Unfortunately, the preliminary gave a somewhat high impression ot the potency ot experi~ents psilocybin, so that the highest dose of psilocybin used (114 mcg.n/kg) corresponded approximately to the lowest dose of LSD (1 mcgm/kg). A dose of psilocybin higher than 114 mcgm/kg and a dose of LSD.1o~r than 1 mcgm/kg would have yielded a more elegant estimate of comparative potency. DISCUSSION The reactions observed after oral admin!strat!on of LSD-25 - end psilocybin are remarkably similar. A!ter both drugs, there is evidence of autonomic excitation (elevated temperature, d1la~ed pupils, increased blood pressure and Increased respira tory rate) and o! increased hyper-irritability 1n the central [} -jS'C? 'J J nervous system (decreased e11e1tat1on ot the thr~shold to~ kneeJerk). Arter both anxiety, d!ttlculty ln concen• drugs~ trat!on and think1Ag, sense ot strangeness, marked sensory perceptual distortion (especially visual). alterations ln body ~ Image (depersonalization). and eiementary ~~d true halluc!natlons or occurred. lt. 1s eourse,oposs!bla that. the metllods ot 1 measurement and altaatlon ln whlch tha.experiments were L~e conducted contribute 1n some degree to this s1m11ar1ty. The subjects had already the effects ot LSD. and very e~perlenced 11ke1y would expect slm11ar symptams trom any drug g1ven in or this particular situation. The usa a questionnaire tes~1ng may also suggest certain symptoms. On the other hand, patterns ot etteets similar to those seen after LSD have not been observed attar administration ot amphetamine, scopolamine, barbiturates, opiates. chlorpromazine and man.y other drugs with on marked e!tects t.he central nervous system. Thus l t seems 11kely that the s!milarl ty between the reactions Induced ey LSD .. and pslloeyb!n ts a real phenomenon- and cuggesta that some ,.' ...... common biochemical or physlologlcal mechanism is responsible ,_j~·"' ~( '"' -. , ; .. ( tor the e!tects t.he central nervous system. Thus l t seems 11kely that the s!milarl ty between the reactions Induced ey LSD .. and pslloeyb!n ts a real phenomenon- and cuggesta that some ,.' ...... common biochemical or physlologlcal mechanism is responsible ,_j~·"' ~( '"' -. , ; .. ( tor the ettecta o£ the two drugs. Experiments in whieh ~ :' .)· ... . . uf r . ~v subjects tolerant to LSD ore ehallen·ged with ps!1ocyb1n a.'ld :\, ~··.- ,._- • ~I ::.::_. vice versa ("cr • o ss tol ertU1cc") m1 ght help settle t.he question ~ w x :-'"w ~· ;"'~: . . , /< ~ \ i. • .... ot the b1o1og1cal 1dent1 ty or the reactions caused b"./ the two '.~:· ' . dl'"ugs. ' { \: \' ~-· The s1mllarlty 1n chemical structure of p~11oc.yb~n and S-hydroxytryptamlne naturally leads one to speculate that psllocybln may cause an abnoNDal mental state by 1nter1'erlng with the actions, synthesis, disposlt!on or metabolic degrada• ~ t!on ot 5-hydroxytryptamlne. Others have hypothesized that LSD-25, bufotenine and other psychosomimetic drugs might act through such mechanisms. Since psllocyb!n is a much a!mpler compottnd than LSD, It may prove to he an important tool for bloehem!cal studies bearing on the role ot serotonin 1n brain tunctlon. lnvestlgatlons ln animals ~11 he necessar.y to shed light on these poss1hl11t!~s. 1. The reac.t!on induced by oral admln!atratlon ot 51 to 114 mcgmjkg of O•Phosphor.yl-4-hydroxy-N-dlmcthyltr.yptamlne (pslloeyh!n) has been compared ~th that induced by a -placebo anc1 L·SD-2.5 (1.0 to 1.S mcgm/kg) 1n 9 subjects. 2. Both LSD and ps11ocyh1n caused elevations In body temperature, pulse and respiratory rates, and systo11c blood Threshold for e11c!tat1on of the kneeJerk was pre~sure. decreased by both drugs. /J-!5"'7 _.,- . t . ~· • 3. After both.drugs. abnormal mental states ch~racterized or by feelings strangeness, d!t't!c:ulty ln thinking. anxiety. altered sensory p~rceptlon (particularly visual), elementary and true visual hallucinations. and al~erat!ons ot body !mage were reported by the subJects. 4• The ettects ot pstloc.ybin did not persist as long as those of LSD. S. LSD ls 100 to 150 times as potent as ps!locyb!n. -·· REFERENCES ABRAMSON • H. A. , M. E. JJ:RVI K M. R. KAU'P'll.tJJ, C. R.OP.NETSKY, 1 -u. lu LEVIN!, and WJ~il~s l.yserg!e acid ~let.h~;laa:!de (l.SD-25): I. Phys1olos!eal and respon$es. J. Psxehot. Ji: pere~ptual 3-60 ( 1955} • t.o the Vi Ycrl;:: Aeadel'l!ic Pres$ 1952. t.arr.in~. The page contains lines of text describing a scientific procedure, likely related to drug testing, referencing researchers and statistical methods. There is a handwritten annotation in the bottom right corner reading "B-165". There are no visible photographs, stamps, forms, diagrams, tables, redactions, or evidence of experimental procedures. The document page displays typed text with a handwritten annotation in the bottom right corner, reading "B-164". The text is primarily prose, detailing the methodology and results of a study involving psilocybin administration. No photographs, official stamps, forms, diagrams, or tables are visible. There are no visible redactions or evidence of experimental procedures beyond what is described in the text. as potent as ps!locyb!n. -·· REFERENCES ABRAMSON • H. A. , M. E. JJ:RVI K M. R. KAU'P'll.tJJ, C. R.OP.NETSKY, 1 -u. lu LEVIN!, and WJ~il~s l.yserg!e acid ~let.h~;laa:!de (l.SD-25): I. Phys1olos!eal and respon$es. J. Psxehot. Ji: pere~ptual 3-60 ( 1955} • t.o the Vi Ycrl;:: Aeadel'l!ic Pres$ 1952. t.arr.in~. ~~E..'W' Inc~ A.: Pharmaeclogy ot pn11ocyb1n. Paper, at C£T~ETTI. pr~sented Rome (ltaly} Sept. 6-13, 19$8. A. L.: Stattstlcnl tor Students !n Psychology EOWAf~S, ~\nalys!s prtflciple f'.rem the liex!:an fu=.i'us. Palle>.~v!>~ !l'~:dc~13 H~:!m. P~pt:r, pres ent ed a.t Fl r3t !•tt.~rn.~t.lor~l Ueetlr.:.s~ ot riauro- . Rooe (!t.aly) Sept. 5-1), 1958. P~y~~o-Pharm~colo~·. psyehotrcpcr Wlrk:;tcf!' aus dem mc:,;iAa.\liclloll RU.11Sr.:hpil: Ps.ltocybe Mexlc~~,~t H'!im. EAl>erlentia (Dsso!) 11+1 lC7- s-se .. }. {l HCFU.AlUl, A. , A. FRI:.'Y H. O'l'T • T. H. ·p~'l'RZlLKA,. Qlld F. TROXLER: 1 . t:.or.st.l tut1cns&t.i.1k1~a ruug unu Syntlo.ese von 1-.. slloeybin. Exvcrlentla 14: 397- (19$8b). ~nnsel) 8-/~j· .. ~ ISBELL, H., R. E. BELLEVILLE, H. P. FRASER, A. WIKLER, and c. R. LOGANt Studies on lyse~gic acid diethylamide (LSD-2$). 1. Ettects ln former morphine-addicts and ~eve1opment of tolerance during ch~on!e !ntoxlcat!on. A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. Psychi<!t'. • 7~.; ~. . 68-478 (1956).· 1 ISBELL, H., C. R. Lcr~~. and E. J. MINER: Studies on lysergic acid dtE:thylamide (LSD-2$). III. Attet!lpts to attenuate the LSD-r~action in man by pretreatment wlth neurohumoral blocking agents. .A.M.A. Arch. Ueurol. Psychlat • .§.!.: 20-21 {19$9). WILCOXON, F.: Some Rapid Approximate Statistical Procedures. r~ew York: Arner 1 can Cyanaml d Co, 191~ 9. WASSON, V. P. and R. G. WASSON a Mushrooms, Russia and Hlstoey. New York: rantheon Books, 1957• c. WINTER, A• • and L. FLATAKER: Studies on hept.azone (6-Morpho- . lino-~,4-etphenyl-3-heptanona hydrochloride) in comparison with other analgesic.drugs. J. Pharmacol. exn. Ther~ 98: 3oS-317 (1950). ....-. ·• • Pa~e 11.3 FOJTNOE 1. Footnote 1. We are indebted to Drs. R. Bircher and c. Henze o·r the rw1ed1c:al Department, Sando~ Pharma ceuticals, Hanover., New Jersey, for gener-ous supplies of LSD-25 and psilocybin. • ll-/J) fOOTNOTE 3· Footnote J~ The clini~~l graae wns based on the m~ntal status examination nnd gra~P-s assign~d accortt!~g to the :fo llo'Y!ing scheme: · Grc:..~e C:: No rc;.action, Grade lt Anxiety and nervousne$~ without perceptual tiistorticn or hullucinations, Grade 2: Pn.:dety, nervousnzss and visual perceptual distort ion l'Ii thout "true" h.a 11 uc ina tions, Grada.3: Anxiety, nervousness, perceptual distortion and "true" ha 11 uc ina t.lons but \oJi th ins 1 ght The page contains typed text describing an experiment, with the heading "Page 8" at the top right. In the bottom right corner, there is a handwritten annotation "B-163". There are no photographs, official stamps, forms, diagrams, tables, or redacted content visible on this page. The text describes sensory alterations experienced by subjects under the influence of LSD, including visual distortions and hallucinations, and cognitive difficulties such as problems with concentration and arithmetic. · Grc:..~e C:: No rc;.action, Grade lt Anxiety and nervousne$~ without perceptual tiistorticn or hullucinations, Grade 2: Pn.:dety, nervousnzss and visual perceptual distort ion l'Ii thout "true" h.a 11 uc ina tions, Grada.3: Anxiety, nervousness, perceptual distortion and "true" ha 11 uc ina t.lons but \oJi th ins 1 ght .ria 1 nta in·~ d (pat !.ants r~por t' t!1a t effect a ar~ due to drugs) , anu Grade lp Sa.m2 as sracie 3, :;:xc;·~pt that insight (realization that t!1e ei'tects ar~ due to the dr,.lg) is lost. The grading sys_tem has the' ~isaclvantage that t.l1e . various grades may not .Corm a contill'lous scale. It giv(3s no inforn~a t ion concerning t.he quanti tat lve asp-acts of tlle symptor.1s which go into determining th•:: grades. Lfi~,.~ the • questionnaire, howaver, it. yields peprouuc!ble data. on repented ailininist~atlon of t~e same dose of LSD, ana good dose-effect re spon sc s a.~e o.bta in€ d. Page 21 FOOTNOTE 4• · Footnote 4• The nine categories ~ra shown in p table 2. It 1s of course evident t~~t·a large nmuber of othar categories could be devised and that there might be rr~ny ~~of classifying a particular·question. There appears to be no easy way out of this difficulty, so the classification must be regaraed as completely arbitrary. fJ -J>t .-.-- . ,, l ... r i'1 ,, ~ ~ Table 1 <l-.... -· , .I',ll t:" Comparison or total course of pslloeybln and LSD reactions. ........._ ... n. ~ TREATMENT .... ~t!: t\~tt re Placebo LSD_:22 Psllocyb~n r • I • l.S S7 1.0 meg/kg mcg/Jtg meg kg 86 meg kg 1 H~ mcg/ltg ~·--·-- ~__........:::=:=: ,·e · Tr.mperaturJ • 2.1 :1: o.J:l ;·~,.:If: ~.41J. • vf :1: o,IJ.8 • J,S't. o.26 r;. f :1:- 1.35 + 4.G t o.26 1 Pu I"'• Rate +37.8 t llt..S I +67 • .f:tl7.8 +82.rft10.9 1+)1.9 :1: 8.9 1+41.6 t 10.IJ. +79.1xt 12.6 .._atory n~!J· X n"t ..... +13.1 t .3.1 I +32.cft 3.9 +36. 7 :t 7.1 +24.5 t 8.1 l,.26.4 t 8.2 +37.?- t. 7.1 tollc · ~~v!J I I Blood Pressurt +1S.6!: 13.5 +64.Wt 10.9 +94.t f: 17.S . 1+31.4 t 12.6 ~61. 7x t 11 +47.8 t 16.9 DIA9tollc 1 X f'lood Pressure 1-17.5 f: 11.9 I+ 9.1 t 19.1 +)5.2 ~ 10.7 + 8.2 t 9.7 l .. l$.7 :t 11 + 6.6 t 1).6 '\'' I I Pupillary The document page is primarily text-based, with no photographs, diagrams, or official stamps visible. There is handwritten marginalia in the bottom right corner: "B-162". The text itself describes subjective experiences of patients undergoing drug experimentation, detailing alterations in perception of size, shape, and body parts, as well as mental states like fantasies and dream-like experiences. The content foc