Doc 0000163356

The image displays a digitally rendered depiction of a vault door on the left side, rendered in shades of grey and blue. To the right of the vault, white text is overlaid on a black background, detailing that the document was obtained from "The Black Vault," an online database of declassified government documents. The text specifies that this record is part of the MKULTRA/Mind Control Collection, consisting of over 20,000 declassified pages from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). A URL, presented in yellow text, is provided for downloading the entire collection. No photographs of people, locations, equipment, or subjects, nor any handwritten annotations, signatures, official stamps, forms, diagrams, tables, redactions, or visual evidence of experimental procedures are present. I ... . ··.~~ ~ .~~7~ ~~ ·~~i.~~. ~~~· ~~: ~ t. ·.· ~ -~.:; ~-.~~i~:1.~:· .t . ... l ~· ·-.·~·.'"~f.-:-~;~'·;~/-~ ... ~ " - "~~ ·' ~r~(~~4i•~: . • .. ~ •.• :,.!" -,;:, - :~~~~f{{'.~j(~2: l~ft-~~.2:;;._.;~:.· ~:?>~::·:. atnw m1m + "We know now that men can be made to do exactly anything...... It's all a question of finding the right means. It only ve take enougb trouble and go sutf'iciently slowly, we can make him kill his aged parents and eat them in a stew." (Jules Remains. VEROOB. A.A. Knopf, 1939, P. 156.) I '!'his st~ should not be read as representing - # ~ the synthesis in tbe Central Intelligence Agency i. r •. on the subject of brainwashing. Several working groupa in CIA are actiY ely concerned vit h the subJect 1 and this paper reflects the progress so tar made 'b7 only one of those groups. It is not a final report. i I C9PR I liMe' ! J I .:J AI&I&RIIZ! . . . . . . . . . . IORlNQBD • • • • • • • • • • • • • i • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 . . . . Scope aDd .l1JI • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 GeDere.l Orientation • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 . . . . . . . . . 3 ~ OP !BE P.ROBLEM • • • • • • • • • ,;4~ COilmOL ~~ . . ! . - • . • . • . • . • . • . . • . . • . • . • . . • . • . • 10 !be Suspect • 10 !be AccliEilation at BTidence • • • • • • • • • • • • • ll . . . . . . . . . . . 13 !be Arrest Procedure • • !be Detention PriSOD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 ... ~ Begmen Within the Detention Prison • • • • • • • • 15 !be Ertects at tbe This document is a declassified CIA memorandum with numerous handwritten annotations and official stamps. A circular seal for the "CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY" is visible on the left, alongside a handwritten name and initials. Several lines of handwritten text are present in the top right corner, appearing to be a routing or recipient list. An official stamp reads "25 APR 1956". Other stamps include "INDEXED-61" and what appears to be a date stamp near the bottom right. The body of the memo contains a typed message and is marked with an "EX-122" notation. A large, dark mass, possibly a seal or the outline of a person or object, is located in the lower right portion of the page. There are also handwritten markings and text scattered throughout the document, suggesting internal review and processing. . . . . . 13 !be Arrest Procedure • • !be Detention PriSOD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 ... ~ Begmen Within the Detention Prison • • • • • • • • 15 !be Ertects at tbe Begimen 1.D the Isolation Cell • • • 18 Other Aspects ~f tbe Isolation Begiaen • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • . . . . • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37 . . . • • • • • • • • • 39 !be IDterroptor' s Point at Yiev aDd ObJectiT eS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • .._1 • IJ!!B CO!It!l*fi' A!t - COiiillflB !he Reaction at the Prisoner to the J:J~Wrrop'tion • • • . . . . . . . . . . . !he lfE1,al. • • • • • • 53 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 59 al:alellt •. •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~~at ~-BAd-~se 59 - ~- ~ · I,I - 'I.- = --I - IUo - AUi. " L1 ' st - , = .t ~ ':t , 1L . C .. " W .. 1 . e .. e- . • .- . • • . • . . • . • . • • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 62 ~usiODS •• . . • • • • • • 65 A ~betieal Schedule ot BrainV&SbiDg • • • • • • • • 67 . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 80 -C''''II '!til• Brainvashi.Dg, as a tera, vas orig1Dated by a reporter vho vas intervieving Chinese refugees. It has gained world vide currency and baa been applied to a vide range ot tech Diques--.ass education ot The page is a heavily annotated official document with handwritten additions, signatures, and official stamps. It appears to be a formal report or memorandum. The top right corner has a redacted "INDEX NO: 61" and "CSDB-37286" with a handwritten note "See Table of Contents." The main body contains the title "BRAINWASHING" and "A Psychological Viewpoint" preceded by "CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY." Below this, there are multiple handwritten signatures, likely indicating review or approval. The bottom of the page also contains a stamp reading "CONFIDENTIAL" and a large "X" mark. The overall impression is a heavily processed and reviewed intelligence document, likely originating from or related to sensitive research. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 80 -C''''II '!til• Brainvashi.Dg, as a tera, vas orig1Dated by a reporter vho vas intervieving Chinese refugees. It has gained world vide currency and baa been applied to a vide range ot tech Diques--.ass education ot a country or citizena, C~iatic thougbt;control in Soviet and satellite countries, techniques ot eliciting 1Dtor.tion, aa well as the intensive iDdi Tidualized re-education ot beliefs ot a tev selected 1Dd1 viduala. Such uncritical use ot the tera has doDe nothing to reduce the impact on the public and ott1c1al4ca general.ly ot the contesaiou ot such men as Cardinal Mind.a:r.ent, and especially ot the results ot trea'blent ot prisoners-of-war by the Chinese Ca.unista. The tera 1t aelt is BDXiety producing. Ita connotation ot special oriental knowledge ot d.russ, bypoosis, and other exotic and devious Ileana ot controlling hUED bebartor creates credulity among the 1minto1"118d. A 110re prosaic Tiev is tl:aat the techDiques used 1D produciDg confessions ancl •conftraiona• are read:1ly understandable 1D te1'118 ot ordi.Dar;r psychological principles and have been used, especially by pollee states, tor centuries. It is nov clear tbat Russian .ethoda ot MVD and earli-er ftrSiODS of this orgwmizaticm O'I'M' the eeBturiea, but espee~ duri.Dg the past 35 years of .,.ate.atic effort to elicit iDf'~ticm or ccmf'essiODS. The Chinese baTe their own tradition of toleraace for brutality. 'lbe7 are influenced ~ the Russians, but place JIOre emphasis on converting the prisoner to CCIJIIIUilistic beliefs, at times bebavi.Dg as typical "eager- beaver" revolutionaries. In 8\8 the methods are police methods 1 developed b7 trial and error to suit the needs of the police state. JJo scientists, no drugs, no bypr:losie, no new psychologieal. princi~es haTe as yet been involved. 1 Ear~ ill the review of the diverse inf'omatioD catalogued I under the tera "braimtashing", eTen in serious scientific 1 \ articles, it 'beea.e evident there was a need for better coordi.na- tion of the work. on this topic and more work directed at lllpeci.i"i.c 1 ! I : probleas and issues. It vas, therefore, concluded tbat this I \ 11:aited effort vas beat devoted to (1) c~ tbe concepts : cozmoted by the tem brainvashing; (2) relatiDg these to such !basic ps)"chological. principles as learning, perception, and mtintion; and (3) specifically discussiDg the brainwashed . person as an involuntaril.y re-educated person. All people are beiDg re-educated continuouB~. BeY infora.tion This page shows a typed document with some handwritten and stamped elements. There is a "CONFIDENTIAL" stamp at the top of the page, and another at the bottom. There is also handwritten text at the very bottom that is likely a document number. The main content of the page is quotation and a disclaimer. No images, diagrams, or formal tables are present. There are no visible signs of experimental procedures, equipment, or facilities. 11:aited effort vas beat devoted to (1) c~ tbe concepts : cozmoted by the tem brainvashing; (2) relatiDg these to such !basic ps)"chological. principles as learning, perception, and mtintion; and (3) specifically discussiDg the brainwashed . person as an involuntaril.y re-educated person. All people are beiDg re-educated continuouB~. BeY infora.tion chaD&es one's beliefs. Bvel")"one bas experienced to 11 - coprp r tiXL - sc.e cJ.esree the ecmtliet tba't eztnea ¥hell Be¥ i.Dfo:rwat.iee- ia nat couist.eat Y1th a prior bel1et eapee~ a 'baaie- ODe 1 conceme4 vith neb prol:tlet~a aa religion, eex .,res, aacl pollt ical ideolos:r. '!his ia a nomal. experience. Motrt inclirtduala are a'bl~ to reaol'ft the- ccmtliet 'b7 ODe .eaaa or motherj -.z17 do so b;y integrating the uev with the old. The experience ot tbe braiDYaahed (in our 8eD8e) ditters in that the i.DcoDsiateDt i.Df'or.ation is torcecl upon hilllmder relatiTely controlled conditions after the ! : possibUit7 ot critical Judgalent bas been redueecl or l . re.oved b;y aueh .eaaures aa production ot excessive tat~, i isolation, c!epriTation ot 'ftrious sorts, and. ~ies pbysical torture. When re4ueed to ext:re.e depmde=7 tmd eontuaioa, the 1Dd1rtcll81. is read1' to react taTora'bl.1' to rmy pereeD or idea vhich premeea to eJlCl hia pa1.ntul.l7 eODtwlecl 11'tate. At this point, the re-educatioa 'bes!U, aa described. 1Jl the AMLYSIS OF COITROL FRISSURES. Hov i.Ddiviclual.a Y1ll react to atteapta to elicit i.Dfomatioa, to confess falsely, to braimrash1ng aa ve have detiDed it depencla OD the intelligence, peracmal.it7 md experience ot the i.Ddiv idual and OD the knowledge &Dd Yilli.Dpeaa ot captors to persist ill techniques aiaed at - iii a at CODE With aueh Y1.l.l.1.Dpen there appean little doubt that ea 1 1nd1Tich1al. caa be broaglzt ps)eholog1cal.l7 to the- po1Dt where invol'untar.f re-ed.ueatioa v:Ul take place. Up to nov pollee 1 ~~ethocle denl oped b7 trial and error baTe DOt ta.ll.7 exploited the psycaological 'buia tor reaul.ts tha tar obtaiAecl; nor ban all restraint• 1D treataeat ot priaODera been east aside. Bote too that the reatrai.Dts reterred to need not eoacem 1 1 direct p!Q-sical torture. It 1a not neee&a&r'1 to use direct physical .eana to reduce a person to a state where involuntar.Y re-education caa take place. Brai.DVaahi:Dg cOilceived as inTolunta.r;y re-education, t.heD 1 represents oae extre.e ot a eontinuua ot treatamt b;y, &Del reaiste.Dee to captors. At the otber end ot this seale ia 1 aetin Toluntar," collaboration Vit h the ~. .eana to reduce a person to a state where involuntar.Y re-education caa take place. Brai.DVaahi:Dg cOilceived as inTolunta.r;y re-education, t.heD 1 represents oae extre.e ot a eontinuua ot treatamt b;y, &Del reaiste.Dee to captors. At the otber end ot this seale ia 1 aetin Toluntar," collaboration Vit h the ~. Ill betveeD are ft.r'T1.D& degreea ot brutallt7 aDcl 8\lbtlet,- ot treat.ent aDd degreea ot resistance thereto. Clearly policies 1 coneern11lg treatJient ot repatriated captivea Will depend o:a. where tbe 1n41Tidal 1a placed on thia aeal.e. At oae end, there 1& the legal. Jurisdiction tor treaacm; at the other 1 psychiatric treatllent. I '1'he viev presented ber ein baa several illplleationa. Firat, tlae plblic should be ginn i.Dtomation vhich Will iT ~;~{·'_~_~_ -_ -~· _____. _._.. _.,._~_-__. _ .._ ,._.. _ ...._.. ... _ _--_ .. ____·-· .···.·.--.~·.=.·• ·- -----------· dispel the- »3 at-e%7 which appears to hant surrcnmded the CODeept of bra~. Seccm4, those nta,ouible tor eatabliahiDg po-liey tor retumed priacmen haft u a tiret problea the detel'lliDaticm were oa the acale 'betveeD iJrfo-lllll"tar,r re-ecblcation &Del voluntar,r collaboraticm a particular 1Dd:1T idual et&Dcla. 'fhiri., the ~ orp.nia need DOt be a eo~~plete pan ot his e!rYiromleAt until extre.e condit iona are created. Mall ia a4apt:1Ye, u4 Y1 th eo.e mow1e4ge ot vhat to expect :rrc. hia captora &D4 aD liDfleretaadiDg ot his OVD reaetiOD.B, he caa develop .ana ot reaistins. Be C&D be helpecl 1D thia b7 prior mcvledp ot the treat.-mt be C&ll expect and his OVD reactiou to it. Fourt.ll, the t~ brainvashe4 ia a p1J7chiatr1c, DOt a I\le ga.l pro"wl&. Bia treataent should be therapeutic, not pmitiYe. BecOTe%'7 caa be anticipated since the braimraahecl perecm placed 1D his DO~ euvirollllellt Yill tend to revert to his prior belief a. J'ittll, bra1Dvash1q cm be ncceaatllll1' accc.:plished on the buia of preaent lmovledp b7 ~ ntticien~ ' I; intereated 1D acquiriDg aa uncleratand.iDg ot the paychologS.cal I 'principle• i.Polftd. Sixth, it is poaailtle tbat the best lema range d.eteue apiut braimrashiag ia to ll&ke it pollti~ cli-aa4Tall'tapoua tor a coaBt%7 to pend.t ita ue. While thia paper tocaea ita atteDtioa oa 'braimfaahi.Dg as detiDecl, the political •tve ot ita etteeta -.tea it Aeceaa&l7 to ccui6er the ettecta ot llilitar.Y' u4 ~ poliC7. Where certaiD. poaaibUitiea oeeur ua~ in the })87chologieal eontezt, the7 are RDt1one4. !he :aaJor purpose, hove-.er, ia to c1:1•~• bra1zlvaahi.Dg traa a ~­ ehologieal poillt ot _Tiev. This document page is a table of contents for a report. It is visually marked with several handwritten annotations. There are two instances of a diagonal line drawn through a section heading, and two instances of a horizontal line drawn under a section heading. The document also has a stamp at the top which reads "CONFIDENTIAL". There are no photographs, diagrams, forms, tables, or clear visual evidence of experimental procedures, equipment, or facilities. A small drawing, possibly a checkmark or a stylized letter, is present in the lower right corner. This page contains a table of contents with chapter titles and corresponding page numbers. There are no photographs, stamps, forms, diagrams, or tables of structured data. There are no visual evidence of experimental procedures or facilities. There is a handwritten annotation in the form of a checkmark next to the "Comparison of Russian and Chinese Communist Practices" entry, and a handwritten signature-like mark near the bottom right of the page. The word "CONFIDENTIAL" is present both at the top and bottom of the page, underlined. atteDtioa oa 'braimfaahi.Dg as detiDecl, the political •tve ot ita etteeta -.tea it Aeceaa&l7 to ccui6er the ettecta ot llilitar.Y' u4 ~ poliC7. Where certaiD. poaaibUitiea oeeur ua~ in the })87chologieal eontezt, the7 are RDt1one4. !he :aaJor purpose, hove-.er, ia to c1:1•~• bra1zlvaahi.Dg traa a ~­ ehologieal poillt ot _Tiev. It ia Dot preau.ecl that thia Tiev taJree i.Bto acCOlmt &11 the taetora needed ill detend- DiDg poliC7. Scope ara4 A1a !he- p1rp011e at thia .tuq 1• to increue UDderata.DcliDs ot the "bra1mlaahiJ:li proceaa•. There are proba~ well over 1000 claasi:tied Ul4 lDlclassitiecl docUIIenta 1 articles aacl boo:U direct~ related. to Soviet aad Satellite teclmiquea Of il:lterroptiOD aD4 brainvashillg. Approximate~ one-third ot the aT&ilable claasit11!4 8DCl UD.cl&aaitied soureea vere examined to proTide the t1Dd1ngs ot this stu4J. By tar the sreateat proportioa ot this -.terial baa ca.e :f'raa pria.c mer-ot-var aoureea ot World War II and the I'Drean jc~llct. retugeea illtelligence aourcea and c1Til1&D utiou.l.a 1lbo 1 1 haTe beea releaaecl trca illcarceration beh1Dd the Curtaia. A nuaber ot research atwliea baTe been cOIIpletecl or are nov ill procesa b;r "f'&!'i.ows agencies ot thia Govel"DJJeelt &Del other triencll7 govel"DeDta. !he obta1Dable tilldin.ga ot all j reaearch atucliea ot u.e41ate releT&Dce were utU1ze4. A cou14erable 'boq ot ptooteaa10D&l. reaearch 4eal1ns Vith c01141tiou that result ill cbaqea ill the percept-.1 aM. 1 ,_, ifnL in"telleetual orpaization of the iDdirtdual personality bas e-.na:te4 t1"'a UlliTersities and. other private reaearch 1zurti deeaae. tutions GriJtg the past Appiopti&te selections trca this •terial baft been appliecl to understaDcliDg bra1.11Va8hiq. General Oristation This study baa been vr1t ten u a general analysis of the an.ilable -teri&l. It is recognized tbat agencies engaged in 1Dtel.l1gellce collection baTe unique operatioD&l vulner- abUitiea 1a deal.ilt.g vitb Soviet illterrogation and brain- vashi.Dg. Indirtch1ala forced to confess to baviDg eDg&ged in espionage or sabotage eabarraaa D&tiOD&l policy planners. While theae probleas are recognized, no atte.pt baa been -.c1e in this atuq to proTide specific practical guidaDce. !his stuq is written trca the rtevpoillt of proteasioD&l psychology-. As a syate.atie approach, this baa not been done before a1t hm1&h -.zl7 prertoua &D&l.yses haft, ot course, 1 ada ac.e uae of psychological ideas. 'fhe present approach ; atte.pts to ake tall use ot current psychological principles : 1D explaining tbe process of braiDVa8hiDg. It is rea&OD&ble to expect tb&t the Soviets v1ll contiD\le to refi.De their •tbod.a and tbat ve shall contiDue to secure The page appears to be a scanned document with a distressed, aged appearance, featuring prominent black and white horizontal bands at the top. The text is centered, with a heading "FOREWORD" and "CONFIDENTIAL" stamped in the top margin and again near the bottom, with a diagonal line drawn through the lower stamp. There are no photographs, handwritten annotations, or filled-in fields. The page content is entirely text, discussing the origin and use of the term "brainwashing." No visual evidence of experimental procedures, equipment, or facilities is present. ot course, 1 ada ac.e uae of psychological ideas. 'fhe present approach ; atte.pts to ake tall use ot current psychological principles : 1D explaining tbe process of braiDVa8hiDg. It is rea&OD&ble to expect tb&t the Soviets v1ll contiD\le to refi.De their •tbod.a and tbat ve shall contiDue to secure 1 .:>re movledge a"bcnrt the nbJe~. !here should, therefore, be )Mtrioclie reappraiaaJ.s ot braiDvUhi.Dg in the tuture. 2 ' --- .. ,....,....,,....._._ ..... ... -.-... - -""=~ fo :!_·;·-~ ---~~- -=--,.~·-:.>,.t,._· --·;_-~ - .J't!'IWiiAL Aa w sMJ.l. ll1lov late-r 1D thia- chapter ~ tent "braia 1 vuhi.Dg• hu a 'ftl7 uehl Jle&ll1JtC trc. the at&Dc!poil:rt ot vllat goes on illsiae tbe penoa who 1• brai.Dwaabe4. It the procesa hacl been Tievecl 1A th1a l1sht traa the ~gsnn1ng1 DO cJma'bt ve would by DOW have acb.ieTe4 a greater &Del .Ore widespread uner- staDdiDI ot it. Act11Bl.l7, it has not been confronted ill ao aiJipl.e a .uer u tbat. It baa been used by the Sortets and the Chinese Oil quite ditterent kinds ot people and tor , quite a ftriet;r ot reasODS. It baa had. a Vide ruse ot conaequeaces, SCillle 1Dtel1ded &Del perhaps SOllie Ullintended. It baa tacecl 1Dtelliaellce, llilit&t7 and political. leaders with a raarkabl7 vide raDge of' probleu Yith which each such. group hacl to cope. All these Tariatiou ot obJective•, coa aequencea, uu1 probl.sa have -.de tor coahaion in Ollr ettorta to UDc!erlltaa4 ft&t vu reaJ.17 goiDg oa. Weatera uaap of' the tel'll bra1Dvuh1D.g baa caused it to be applied trcll t~ to tiae to each of' tbe tolloviD& ai'tlaatiou: (1) IDdiTidual. or p-oup iDcloctrila&tioa ot the -....se•• behiDi tbe Iron Curta!D. (2) Iac1octr1Dation ot te,. peraonnel 1Ds1de C~1at- . coatrolled COlmtriea to .aiDtaiA their political rel1ab111t;r. 3 m ,.., :Win£ uzi (3) !be- 1Dterroptioa proeeas b7 vhieh poaiti-re 1.D1'01"BB&tion of 1Jrtell.1pDce TBJ.ue ia obtai.Ded freD 1Dd1Tia.J.a. ~~) Group indoctriDation of prisoners-of-war. Jeaidea an attespt to obtaa cJefeetiou ud demoralize llilita.l7 persozme~, this process appears to have been use4 as a selective deTice to ascertain which "progressives" or "opportunists• Jlight aubeequently be SlleD&ble to a K~re int.euift proeeu as defined ill (5) below. (5) 'fbe intensive 1nd1Tidua.l proeess d.uring which 1nd1TichaJ.a are deprived ot their critical faculties and nbeeq'Uf!llt~ ea. to believe as true that vhich, prior to tbe "brai.J:rlla8h1Dg, the7 would baTe deeigD&ted as false. '!he tact that the tera "braiDVasb1ng• baa been applied to so~ proeeu as defined ill (5) below. (5) 'fbe intensive 1nd1Tidua.l proeess d.uring which 1nd1TichaJ.a are deprived ot their critical faculties and nbeeq'Uf!llt~ ea. to believe as true that vhich, prior to tbe "brai.J:rlla8h1Dg, the7 would baTe deeigD&ted as false. '!he tact that the tera "braiDVasb1ng• baa been applied to so~ situatiau haa caused a great deal of co:AruaiOIL 1D at~"""g to learn .ore about it and 1D atteJI:ptiDg to cleftlop aouncl practices ad policies for copina Y1 th 1 t. AA w ahal.l explain .ore t\IJ.l7 ill this atuq, ve find the tera "braill vaaMog" to be ..t uaehl "'JbeJl it is applied strictl.7 to &mote the invol•tarz re-edllca.tion of an indJ:rldual dur1y vhich a cbaDge ia c1eTeloped in tbe receptual. &Bel intellectual orpmsaticm ot hia ;persoD&litr so tb&t be vill: = - • C''li~J.AL (1) Accept u true eertaa ideological. pri.Aeipl.e. Vhich he Vftl.4 DOt have accepted u tne prior to the cha.ap, aDd/or (2) Admt that certain eTeDta have a true and :raetll&l. buia Whicll a. lftnll.d. AOt baTe ada1t ted. :romerl.y. These :!alH 'belie-ta a&7 be tnma1t or,r. lD :ract, there is good :rna reuoa to belle-ye that the talse belie:rs resul.tiDg bra1Jzvaahba Y1ll 'break dawn apont&neousq when the 1lld.1Tidual. hu been raoved :ror a period. o:r tiM :rrc. the 0}7.PressiT e controla. It sllou.l4 be DOtecl that brainvuhiDg, so def'iDed, does not .,....ize what DaPJ'eU -to the 1n41Tid:ual., but vbat happens Yithin hia. Be cMnge repre&ellts a 110re or less ca.plete re-ednc:aticm o:r hia ftllle•S)"Stea. This change is brought about :lD a rigidq COiltrollecl eATi.romlent usiag pres81U"ea desiped to create &D4 !harpellintemal. Coafiict Yithin the 1nd.1T14D&l. / !be ila41Tidaal 1a :roree4 to resort to probl&-aolTing be- h&Tior, ucl tile net etteet 1a the brai.mraabed state. 'fvo ·~tueou proeeasea are preseat. '!be tint 1a characterized lJT a progreaaift deteriozaticm &114 ~b111zat1cm o:r tlle I 1n41Ti4D&l '• critical &114 Judg:fng eapaeitiea. IB a true aeue or lo•• tbe :ln4irta.J. all. - perapecti're. !be HCOJMI. Pl'OCesa 1a tlle l.M.nliq ot belieta he VO\Il.d prertoua1y haTe 5 • · reJeete4 as he aeeka to gain SOJBe structure for his cr.Dli.Dg 1 ,perscmali't7. !he criteria of suceeaa of braill'wUhiDg are-: (1) !he obeened CODTietioa and aineeri't7 Yit.h whieh the iDcliTichlal n:preeses his ch&Bged ideologr aDCl beliefs concerning palpable events. (2) !he length of time his eha.Dged beliefs are a.illtaiDed after the individual has been removed troa the control eDTil'ODD!Dt. (3) !he The page is a declassified document with "CONFIDENTIAL" stamped at the top, underscored by a line, and again at the bottom similarly stamped and underscored. The text is printed in a sans-serif font, and there are no handwritten annotations. There are no images, diagrams, tables, forms, or other visual elements present. The content is entirely textual, discussing the development and nature of "brainwashing." The document page features typed text with two instances of the word "CONFIDENTIAL" at the top and bottom of the page, both of which have been crossed out with a thick black line. The text discusses the experience of being brainwashed, detailing the controlled conditions, measures used, and individual reactions. There are no images, stamps, forms, diagrams, tables, or visual evidence of experimental procedures present on this page. The page is primarily textual content, with the only visual element being the handwritten redaction of the confidential markings. 1 ,perscmali't7. !he criteria of suceeaa of braill'wUhiDg are-: (1) !he obeened CODTietioa and aineeri't7 Yit.h whieh the iDcliTichlal n:preeses his ch&Bged ideologr aDCl beliefs concerning palpable events. (2) !he length of time his eha.Dged beliefs are a.illtaiDed after the individual has been removed troa the control eDTil'ODD!Dt. (3) !he aount of surprise and con:ruaion that acccapa.niea his "discovery" that be bas been brain washed duriDg bia subsequent reco-we17. Indoetr1Dation and even edueaticm, can lead to fa.l.M 1 beliefs. ifhese proeesaea are .est ettective vbeD the iD diTicWal. bas gaps in his lmovledge, or his understandi.Dg of tbe mean1 DS of certain e"YeDts is sutticientq tenuous tbat he baa little dittieul.t7 1D accepting a nev a:od clitterent interpretaticm. BraiDwashi.ng, however, inTOlves the re edueat101l of well-established beliefs; a:od 1Jiplies tbat the 1Dd1Tidlal. resisted the re-eclueation. It ia this 'ft1"J resistance with its eoncCIIitant interD&l coafl.ict, ve •1D taiD1 vhieh is the 'ft%'7 core of bra1Dvashi.ng. In tbe process ot Heuring inton~&tion ot intelligence T&lue, the procedures used by the Cc.nmiats, althoup 6 .CC"'J'*"*'' = 41 n£ifnL m admit~ bar&h, do DOt appear to differ substant~ trca those eu~ used in eliciting m:.Uitary infomation. '!be syateatie ae.or&Uzatioa of captiYes c!oea not appear to be a •.1or objeetif t. An unclerst&ndiDg of braiJ:lVashiDg is impOrtant 1D seftral contexts, a.oDS vhieh are the tolloviDg: (1) Intel.l.1gence aigbt be aore ~protected it Jlilita1'1 and. otber personnel subject to capture could understand brai.DV&abillg and could be trained aa well as ponibl.e to cope with it. (2) Deali.Dg properly with braillVaShed indirtchlals depencls heavil.7 on und.erstan41.Dg their condition. For tbe t~ brainWashed, psyehiatric treataent is in order; tor the cJeliberate detector, legiU processes are appropriate. (3) ~ propagaucla-n.l.ue of false ccmteaaioas bU beeJl great, and the tear-prodllcillg 1Jip&Ct of "braill· vasb1ng" in tlle public a1Dd is a •tter worth eoDSiderable concern. Public underataDtiDg ot tlae process ah0a14 bel~t considerably. (~) A clear UllderataDd1Dg ot the proeesa ia illpOrtant it goveraental agencies are to -.ke rap14 progress tovarc1 turtber reaeareh and under&taD41ng, u4 7 •tnt rt" to de"relop COJUJistent policies to .eet the :pro'bl.1!!1M ot braiJnraalliJig. laeh ot theM o'bJeet;ifta ot greater understaa41Dg is D:port&lrt. '!be ~-ftlue ot tal.8e co.uteuiou ana tbe PlbliC aazi~ coneemiDg 'brai.DVaabins loaa hovenr as -Jor 1 1 preoccUJ'&tiou. State.enta ot braiDvashed ind1Tidl1al.s haTe been a sharp-ecJ&ed tool in the C~mist propapncla Ut. l'feeythiJ:ag rrc. the parses ot the brai.Dwaabed •olcl reTO lutiona.r1ea• The page is a declassified document with the header "CONFIDENTIAL" stamped prominently at the top and "CONFIDENTIAL" stamped again at the bottom, both with a diagonal line scrawled across them. The document contains typed text, single-spaced, with some words bolded or underlined by the original typist. There are no photographs, handwritten annotations, tables, diagrams, or forms visible on the page. The content discusses "involuntary re-education" and its relation to "brainwashing" and "treatment of prisoners." ot theM o'bJeet;ifta ot greater understaa41Dg is D:port&lrt. '!be ~-ftlue ot tal.8e co.uteuiou ana tbe PlbliC aazi~ coneemiDg 'brai.DVaabins loaa hovenr as -Jor 1 1 preoccUJ'&tiou. State.enta ot braiDvashed ind1Tidl1al.s haTe been a sharp-ecJ&ed tool in the C~mist propapncla Ut. l'feeythiJ:ag rrc. the parses ot the brai.Dwaabed •olcl reTO lutiona.r1ea• ill the late '30'• to the I'Drean gena warfare adm•aiou baa adT&Ileed the Soviet strategy llDe. Poasi~ one ot the createst adft.lltages tor the C~1sts in the Far last baa :eeeJl to lower Call.caaiaD. prestige. ADother &114 eTa .,re ettectiTe propaganda goal -7 be the creation of a state ot tear Yithia the populaee of vestem-bloc D&tiOJ18. !he cc-.:&ea~ ot braillwash:lng is frightening. MotiLera o! aou who 1 ••t go illto Jli.lJ:t&r7 serrtee aga1 the Sorteta or Ch1Dese .at 1 conce:ra thaselns With tbe tact, aot ~ tba.t tlleir sou ~ be k1.l.led or 1fOlDldecl but that their .ental processes 1 -.:r be 41atortecl it they are captured. Jut aa bovl.edge that the SoTiets baTe tbelWm11Clear veapou baa 4u:peae4 the DatiOD&l teel.illg ot security, so bre.i.Dw.ah1D8. bas createcl the belief that our oppoDeDt• are -vsterioual.1' tol'llidable. !be "-a-ill-the-street• is not so re.oYecl traa pre-scientitie 8 ,.,. taL COII!l - COPIQ!Cfa£ ~ beliefs th&t sueh processes as brai.mfaah1Dg fail to aroue emotions bordering oa superatitioa awe. Ve tum now to a W>re detailed ezpl.anation of Just llbat happens to t.he llind 8ZLd 004 of the delaorallzed ud dia- organized person who can properl.J' be described as brain washed, and to a conaideraticm of hov this state can be brousht about. Ve ahall describe the geDera.l processes involved in chang:tng the behavior and the beliefs of an 1Dd1vidua.l vben his enTil'ODIIIent C&ll be fully controlled. !bese processes are COllpl.e.z and they i.DTolT e the basic priDciplea of learni.Dg, perception, .otivation, and physio logical deprivation. ImplicatiODS of these f1n41Dga for poliey aDCl practice ac-e 1D various areas v1ll not be spelled out 1D detail. such 11lpl.ieatiou, of course, would Deed to be integrated With other eouic!erationa in arri.Ti.q at a tiDal pol1C7. ac.e, 011 the other b&Dd, appear to point oTervhelm1ng17 tovarc1. certaiD specific policies and practicea . Por exurple 1 the treatment ot braiDwuhed repatriates should clearl7 be supportive rather than punitive. 1'his stud7 should proTide useful guidaDce ud helptul points of view 1D a number ot iaportant areas. 9 ~· - comw i!AL- thdersta.M1 ng brainvashiDg as a phenCIII.eDon -- a The page contains typed text with handwritten elements and official markings. At the top and bottom of the document, black diagonal lines strike through the word "CONFIDENTIAL", indicating it was likely stamped and then manually marked to signify declassification or attention. There are no photographs, diagrams, forms, or tables visible on this page. The text discusses concepts related to brainwashing and psychological principles, but there is no visual evidence of experimental procedures or equipment on this particular page. specific policies and practicea . Por exurple 1 the treatment ot braiDwuhed repatriates should clearl7 be supportive rather than punitive. 1'his stud7 should