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~~?~~~~- -~~~~~~~~ ~i~.~~~-~.a~. -~ ~~~~:- 1 @ <. - ..- ·-·- --· ELECfRIC SLEEP-PRODUCING DEVICES' 'C AN EVALUATION USING EEG MONITORING LAWRENCE W. WOODS, M.D., FRANCIS A. J. TYCE, M.D., ..um REGINALD G. BICKFORD, M.B. Although Kerbikov(S) first reported the positive effects are of a low order of mag use of electric sleep in the English litera- nitude. ture in 1955,little)nterest was shown in this Because electroencephalographic moni- ~~~: -~~ fonn of treatment until the appearance in toting has allowed a more precise definition ill~ il~tfii~~· ~~~~~1.§ W claims without documentation have ap- current through the head. Apart from the peared in newspaper and magazine arti-•· possibility that damage-induced EEG slow cles(7), and it· has been said that the Rus- wave activity might occur, there was also a sian space scientists were experimenting question as to whether electric sleep would with the usc of such devices for producing produce disturbances of fast activity such long periods of sleep in astronauts on in- as frequently accompany sleep initiated by terstellar flights. hypnotic drugs. Our own interest in these devices con cerned two rather practical questions : 1) PROCEDURE Are they capable of producing sleep with The observations were carried out on two such facility that they would be useful in groups of subjects : one of normal volun conjtmction with EEG recordings as part teers and one of psychiatric patients. The of the clinical test ? 2) Is the phenomenon nonnal subjects (Table 1) ranged in age of electrically induced sleep of sufficient from 24 to 55 years, and the majority of intensity that it would be useful in the them were technicians or physicians inter treatment of various psychiatric disorders ested in the possibility of obtaining sleep associated with sleeplessness or disturbance by this method. Their attitudes toward of the sleep cycle ? these devices ranged from mildly skeptical to openminded. Observations on the nor :_~_---_~ fun~ti:d:Ole ~~~:~~=e~t~~~ ~ :~~ mal subjects were carried out in the morn- __: ___ __· _·_ . _:.-_-_----.·]_·.·_·_-_:_ sarily a fonnidable problem of controlling ing or afternoon. · factors of internal and external condition ! Psychiatric patient<~ (Table 2) who were !' ing. Consequently, in the experiments to be under treatment at the flochestcr State Hos described our interest was essentially con pital formed the patient group. Observa -- fined to validating the contention that sleep tions were carried out in the morning or The image displays a graphic representation of a vault door, with a blue glow emanating from behind it, symbolizing a secure archive. The text overlaying the image indicates that the document was obtained from "The Black Vault," an online database of declassified government documents, specifically mentioning the MKULTRA/Mind Control Collection. This collection, housing over 20,000 pages declassified by the CIA, is available for free download at a provided URL. There are no photographs, handwritten annotations, official stamps, forms, diagrams, tables, redactions, or visual evidence of experimental procedures. This declassified CIA document page contains typewritten text with a few handwritten annotations. There are two circles with handwritten numbers: "124" inside a smudge on the top right and "167" inside a circle on the bottom right. Notably, there are no photographs, diagrams, forms, or stamps visible on this page. The visual elements consist solely of the printed text and the handwritten marginalia. ! Psychiatric patient<~ (Table 2) who were !' ing. Consequently, in the experiments to be under treatment at the flochestcr State Hos described our interest was essentially con pital formed the patient group. Observa -- fined to validating the contention that sleep tions were carried out in the morning or I onset could be controlled and manipulated afternoon. The patients were told that this reliably by the apparatus at our disposal. instrumentation was part of their diagnosis We leave to others the fonnidable task of and treatment, and they were assured that excluding factors of suggestion when the this was not a fonn of electroshock treat ment. They were not told that the device This work was supported in part by Public was meant to put them to sleep. ~~-~; E:th~~~=~~~~5~e=lo~~3~;: Conventional, bilateral, frontal, parietal, 1 occipital and ear electrodes were sec:urc:d by collodion and filled with electrode jelly. ~~re::r:~~~~a 1r- The appropriate eye and mastoid electrodes of the sleep machines were applied with -;,f:; : ·; School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, head straps after the interpolation of sa- {~4_~: · Rochester. Minn. · 153 ~ ~ 1•~'"- lR...-in<ol lwm TH< '"'"'" •• Pn<H,.ftY, ~~! ~ Vol. 122, No. 2, August, 1965] ~~ :~~1.z!I$1f~ffl{l'ij!;t(!i;f£ii&J~'ll';}_¥f~~r!7;W'f'~¥:;.~;;~;'S0?JZ;r•(~0)i,J::Y.t00:•r:Il~0Tf~;~y:;c TABLE 1 Nomal Subjects Participating In Evaluation of Russian Electrosleep Maclline CYCLES PEl IVIJECTIVI WE liE Till&&. SECOND YO&.T ill UF£CT nECTIIOENCEI'IW.CKIUM 1 24 1 5.5 10 Drowsy Reduced alpha amplitude 2 37 1 10 10 Drowsy Reduced alpha amplitude 3 28 1 5.5 12.5 Drowsy No change 4 32 1 7.5 12.5 Alert No change 5 32 1 5.5 10 Very drowsy ; No change sleep (7) 6 28 1 10 11 Drowsy No record 7 33 1 7.5 15 Intermittent : Sleep changes drowsiness and sleep (7) 8 33 1 7.5 9 Alert No change 2 25 10 Alert No change 3 14 15 Alert No change 9 33 1 10 14 Alert Reduced alpha amplitude 10 34 1 7.5 15 Drowsy Reduced alpha amplitude 11 32 1 14 13 Sleep No record 12 55 1 15 5· Alert No record line-soaked pads over the eyes and mas- electroencephalograph before and immedi- toid processes. The subject then relaxed· ately after the use of the sleep machine. comfortably in a quiet room with low il- Recording during the application of electro- lumination. sleep was not possible due to artifact caused The EEG instrument was The page contains two tables of data, labeled "TABLE 1" and "TABLE 2." Table 1 details the results of a "Normal Subjects Participating in Evaluation of Russian Electrosleep Machine," listing case number, age, trial, cycles per second, voltage, subjective effect, and electroencephalogram findings. Table 2 presents similar data for "Psychiatric Patients Participating in Evaluation of Japanese Electrosleep Machine." The text below the tables describes the experimental setup, mentioning line-soaked pads, an EEG instrument, and the process of recording electroencephalographs. There are no photographs, handwritten annotations, or official stamps visible on this page, nor are there any significant redactions. over the eyes and mas- electroencephalograph before and immedi- toid processes. The subject then relaxed· ately after the use of the sleep machine. comfortably in a quiet room with low il- Recording during the application of electro- lumination. sleep was not possible due to artifact caused The EEG instrument was usually oper- by the stimulus current. After the patient ated in the same room but was not in use had become relaxed and after adjustment during the elt.>etrosleep period. Six channel of eye and mastoid sleep electrodes for recordings were made on a Grass type maximum comfort, the initial five- to ten- IIIC (time constant 0.18 second) standard minute EEG record was taken. After com- TABLE 2 Psychiatric Patients Participating In Evaluation of Japanese Electrosleep Maclllne : Fixed Frequency 10 Cycles Per Second; Voltage 10 to 15 Volts SUIJECTIYI WE "YCHilTRIC PIOILEM liE Til IlL UflCT ILECTROENCEPHALOIUM 1 Reactive depression ; hypochondriasis 57 1 Drowsy No effect 2 Drowsy No effect 2 Reactive depression ; insomnia 40 1 Drowsy ; Sleep m Sleep 2 Alert No effect 3 Phobic reaction ; insomnia 62 1 Drowsy Reduced alpha amplitude 2 Sleep Sleep 4 Anxiety 43 1 Alert No effect 2 Alert No effect 5 Anxiety ; depression 53 1 Increased anxiety No effect 2 Alert No effect 6 Reactive depression ; insomnia 37 1 Alert No effect 2 Alert No effect 7 Reactive depression 21 1 Drowsy ; sleep C?l No effect 2 Sleep Sleep s Cllronic an'litty ; h)llodlondriasis 42 1 Restless Ito effect 2 Drowsy No etfetf 19651 L. W. WOODS, F. A. J• 'IYCE AND B. C. DICXFORD 155 plction of a satisfactory EEG recording, Japanese instrument. The Japanese sleep the electrosleep session was commenced instrument used is known as .. Good Sleep. . with application of the current at a low and is manufactured by the Kawasaki value unfelt by the subject or patient. The Electric Company (Figure 2). This instru current was then adjusted to a strength ment diHers from the Russian model in that producing mild but undisturbing flicker in it is entirely battery-operated from a 22.5- the field of vision •. This was continued until volt dry cell. When tested on a load of the subject or patient went to sleep or sug 10,000 ohms, it produced an output voltage. gested that he did not feel drowsy and did ranging from 3 to 22 a 22.5- the field of vision •. This was continued until volt dry cell. When tested on a load of the subject or patient went to sleep or sug 10,000 ohms, it produced an output voltage. gested that he did not feel drowsy and did ranging from 3 to 22 volts, square pulses not wish to continue longer with the pro of 1.5 milliseconds duration during a repeti cedure. Periods of electrosleep stimulation tion frequency of ~0 cycles per second. ranged from 20 to 45 minutes. This frequency cannot be altered on the "Good Sleep .. model. After the Russian APPARATUS model was damaged, the Japanese sleep Russian instrument. The Russian sleep in -instrument was used to complete the study strument (Figure 1 ) was imported by on the normal and patient subjects. the Waters Corporation, Rochester, Minn. FIGURE Z It consisted essentially of a mains-operated vacuum-tube multivibrator circuit giving Eye electrodes, head bands and bilateral mastoid elec· trades of Japanese transistorized battery-operated "Good frequency control from 1.5 to 60 cycles Sleep" elec:trosieep device are attached to subject. and a voltage range (with a load of 2000 ohms) of 0 to 19 volts. A square wave out put was produced. The voltage range ac tually employed in these observations was between 10 and 15 volts. There were four metal elt~ctrodes attached to a rubber head band. Contact with the eyelids and with skin over the mastoid processes was en sured by soaking cotton wadding in nonnal saline for placement under the electrode,_ The negative electrodes were placed an teriorly and the positive, posteriorly. The Russian instrument was used on nonnal subjects only, since serious accidental dam age of the electronic mechanism prevented its use in the second part of the study. RF.SULTS FIGURE 1 Normal subjects (Rus.~ian clcvic:e). Eleven Eye electrodes, head strap and c:onnectlnc lead of m<·n ra11gin~ in a~e from 24 to 55 years and Russian mains-operated vacuum·tube alectrosleep devll:e one woman, aged SO years, w1..>rc tcst<.!d are In plac:a. Bilateral mastoid electrodes are not In view. with the Russian dt~vict! during sin~](! trials of one-half hour each. (One snhjl'ct was testt•d on three succt•ssivc oc-casions.) An attempt was made to use the frequency and voltag(! ran~t! which was detectable to the patient but product!d nu particular discom fort. The frequency usually ran~tcd from 5 to 15 <.-yclcs per second, and the voltage! ranged from 10 to 15 The document page contains two black and white photographs. The first photograph, labeled "FIGURE 1," shows a man wearing an eye mask and head strap, with a piece of electronic equipment to his left. The second photograph, labeled "FIGURE 2," shows a person (gender not clear due to the mask) wearing an eye mask, head strap, and what appear to be electrodes on their temples. Textually, the page describes the apparatus and results of an electrosleep experiment using both a Russian and a Japanese instrument. There are no handwritten annotations, signatures, official stamps, forms, diagrams, or tables visible on this page. (One snhjl'ct was testt•d on three succt•ssivc oc-casions.) An attempt was made to use the frequency and voltag(! ran~t! which was detectable to the patient but product!d nu particular discom fort. The frequency usually ran~tcd from 5 to 15 <.-yclcs per second, and the voltage! ranged from 10 to 15 volts. Sensations of prickling, ll\uning, tapping and flickering were perceived most frequently, often causing some discomfort which disappean.-d as the voltage was n:duced. TI1e eyes and 156 ELECI'lUC SLEEP·PRC•DUCING DEVICES [August the jaw were the common sites of discom this technique, if present, were so minimal fort. Nine of the subjects had EEG record that they would be of no consequence in ings before, during (with the current helping to solve the problem of sleep re turned off) and after each trial. cordings in electroencephalography. Many subjects complained of discomfort Normal subjects and patients (Japanese due to the harness or to sensations pro device). Three normal male subjects were duced by the electricity. Definite sleep oc tested for 40-minute test intervals before curred in only tWo subjects. This was con-· the Japanese "Good Sleep .. instrument was firmed by EEG changes as shown in Figure used on patients (data not included in Table 3. Tilt! subject in Figure 3 showed rather 1). As in the case of the Russian instrument, sparse alpha rhythm in the control record sensations consisting of vibration and Sicker ing set'n in the upper part of the tracing were usually felt around the eyes. Of these before the stimulus had been applied. After . subjects, one fell into a deep sleep within stimulation for .20 minutes at 15 cycles per 10 minutes, but the other two were restless second and 7.5 volts, the subject was noted and showed no evidence of sleep. to he slt~t~ping. Sleep continued after re The instrument was then tested on eight moval of the stimulus as indicated in the female patients for two consecutive trials second part of the tracing which shows slow of 45 minutes each (see Table 2). The pa wnvl~S and spindle activity. tients were told to go to sleep if they felt like it but were not told that this was a FIGURE 3 sleep machine. The psychiatric problems of EEG recordlnl[s on normal subject before and after use these patients consisted largely of anxiety, of Russian electrosleep device reveal cllanps Ia sleep phobias, hypochondriasis and depression, This document page contains technical drawings of electroencephalogram (EEG) readouts, presented as figures. Figure 3 shows a control EEG recording versus an EEG recording after stimulation, illustrating changes in brain activity. Figure 4 presents similar EEG data for a patient experiencing anxiety and depression, again showing control and post-stimulation recordings. Both figures are accompanied by explanatory captions, detailing the experimental conditions and observed effects. The page also features numbered sections and titles relevant to the study of electrosleep devices and their impact on subjects. There are no photographs, stamps, handwritten notes, filled-in forms, or redactions present. The document page contains a scientific observation report, detailing results related to sleep induction. The primary visual element is a series of EEG (electroencephalogram) tracings presented as a graph in the lower half of the page. These tracings are organized by test date and type of stimulation, with labels like "CONTROL," "1st TEST 4-18-63," and "2nd TEST 4-20-63." Two distinct sets of tracings are visible, likely representing different experimental conditions or time points. The text also includes a figure caption for "FIGURE 5" that describes the EEG tracings, noting the absence of alpha rhythm and presence of sleep spindles. There are no photographs, handwritten annotations, official stamps, forms, diagrams, or redactions visible on this page. to sleep if they felt like it but were not told that this was a FIGURE 3 sleep machine. The psychiatric problems of EEG recordlnl[s on normal subject before and after use these patients consisted largely of anxiety, of Russian electrosleep device reveal cllanps Ia sleep phobias, hypochondriasis and depression, record which show slow waves, spindles and occipital usually of the reactive type to situational "lambdoid waves" associated wltll sleep presumed to problems and accompanied by insomnia. have been Induced artificially. The tests were monitored by taking an EEG recording before and after each trial, and, if the subject appeared to be asleep . ,,.----.........- -.,..-.-...- ............ ,.,., -...... ......... ... _....,..,.._,, ¥ .. .... during the trial, the electrosleep machine ,. . ..... .......... . .... ~- -- -~---- -- was -tfiriied off and EEG reeordings taken. · 110- ......... , .. 1»••• FIGURE 4 lfH.RigM- EEG of patient havinr reactive anxiety aad depression 20trtitl Sliwwl•tiotr 1$q<:lft/U~ l.:Sroh• • St,,p;, shows failure D1 45-minute stimulation wltb Japanese ~-..-~.~ sleep device to produce chanl[es characteristic of sleep. ......__...,.._......_.._.__~ Notice widespread alpha rhythm In control and post· stimulation recordL .~...,.,..._\~F­ ,~-~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~ CONTROL --~ LF·~~~ ....... _, ... fwt ·~··· I ,., In the few subjects in which sleep oc IfF• .....,. + Pie' J'#ltl·•t~tlf'/tlhilhll' fllllt4JIIIo ;,. • ~ : •' ,.... t(ftltll curred, it was light and intermittent. Slight ,,_ ~</f'<'t.~~·;i"#Nt';;....-;,~,.'1~1~ drowsiness occurred in four subjects as in - ~~<r-.~:,,;·,;"{j1;\',\""".o;..;,O:,.~;;.~J.It11i'·.w;.,..lk~ dicated by some diminution in alpha am LDo W.::.~:N~:~.\'ill.l"¥~:·,v::,r;~;'r,'!.WIJ:lwAW;I/.'AI~liJ.. .I I•~WI.WIH~W:.~\'A plitude. Most sleep or drowsiness occurred ,.,.,,_. \~V.'.rJ:.t;.·i~~t\·~~:W.'t.~Wi•V.*~'~.~\'Nif'J.W,\~~~~~41J:.13hiAWV..~1'NJ(.~t?A in four subjects including the subject on whom several trials were performed. No A/tw 45 min. slhrultllit1n IOma. IOt:,cJntm: ·110 sJNp person slept for long intervals or for the ,.,«~~w,-1.\tl · • IN$~.\- <1/wot.Nfo'i/f,'ftl'w'" •• ...,,p(.~~lt'f<l,'flti.~\WI duration of the complete test, and aU sub jects were l'asily aroused by external stimu iJ[.\"'•'!'fiV,'i'i'i"'fl'f'¥""~)''""'''•\I~~.\'¥1'1J1WM~/fro.YNI/IIIj1J li such as noise. Some persons volunteered of,~V.,.,,~.~~'f~l'd-,,~.~~~'M~itt'otf'#IN,\:o' - the information that they would have slept '1#/N"/o'lf;..\'I.Y>/ll!.'ii.'IJII!:~·~,:'III,~~~!>/~~~~i#i/,-.!~~:.'{JfJi:!:;J,v.'II/.TI:;Ifol/lr'; more easily without the apparatus. j;ji·M,V:oll!f-<t.o:.-;.':llfo~V-9·•~;;.~~'!:,..,\1JiJt'\\'d/.\'IJ.~:rl41\\\l1'!,W!,';;r, It was concluded that sleep effects from ~ -.--- ~:.:.·:. ~ : - . - . ' · \ ~- t3 19651 L. W, WOODS, F. A. J. TYCE AND R. C. BICKFORD 157 Of thl~se eight subjects, only three showed ure to obtain a significantly greater inci ddinile sleep and then on only one of the dence of sleep or an increased rate of onset trials. This image is a scanned page of a document with text filling most of the frame. The page is numbered "158" at the top left, and has a title "ELECTRIC SLEEP-PRODUCING DEVICES" at the top center, with "[August]" to the right. The document contains two columns of dense text, divided by a single vertical line. The content appears to be scientific or academic, discussing a topic related to sleep induction. There are no photographs, handwritten annotations, signatures, stamps, forms, diagrams, or tables present on this page. There are no visible redactions or obscured content. · \ ~- t3 19651 L. W, WOODS, F. A. J. TYCE AND R. C. BICKFORD 157 Of thl~se eight subjects, only three showed ure to obtain a significantly greater inci ddinile sleep and then on only one of the dence of sleep or an increased rate of onset trials. In other instances, some slight drow than might have been expected in natural siness was indicated by reduced alpha am- unassisted sleep in these subjects. plihtdc in the J!:EC. · No EEC patterns attributed to cerebral An example of failure to produce sleep is injury were observed after stimulation with shown in Figure 4. It shows a patient with either the Russian or Japanese device. ~~t an active anxiety depre.'ision whose control recording shows widespread and persist COMMENT ent alpha activity. In a second series of Originally the Russians based this method tracings taken 45 minutes after stimulation of electrosleep on Pavlovian conditioning at 10 milliamps and 10 cycles, there was theory(!); that is, they invoked a phe still widespread alpha rhythm but no sleep nomenon called "parabiosis'" which is de had occurred. &ned as a special condition of excitable tis On the other hand,. Figure 5 shows an sue, a condition produced by the effect of example of a patient with depressive reac stimuli unusual for the tissue and which tion who failed to sleep during the Brst represents a persistent state of changed test, but who showed moderate to deep . excitability. Parabiosis is considered to be sleep, with spindles, on a second test car inhibitory. Pavlov postulated that three ried out two days later. The parameters types of external stimuli give rise to in of stimulation were the same in both in hibition ; namely, the very weak, the very stances. In other cases there was moderate strong and the unusual. He believed that restlessness or increased anxiety during the foreign stimuli, when repeated, led to the trial. development of inhibitory conditions of As in the case of the Russian device the cerebral cortex. Prolonged stimulation used on normal subjects, there was a fail- leads to profound inhibition which encom- iJ,1 FIGURE 5 Attempted sleep induction failed in patient bavinl reactive depression on first test witfl Japanese instrument but succeeded in second test 2 days later. In lower 1i lflt, note absence of alpba rllytbm and -presince of ""l. sleep spindles lndlcat1111 EEG evidence of sleep • inhibition which encom- iJ,1 FIGURE 5 Attempted sleep induction failed in patient bavinl reactive depression on first test witfl Japanese instrument but succeeded in second test 2 days later. In lower 1i lflt, note absence of alpba rllytbm and -presince of ""l. sleep spindles lndlcat1111 EEG evidence of sleep • .-'>i;;'j~ i~-j,~ Ill TEST 4-18-S~ CONTROL lt AFTER 4$milt. STIM/Il.ATION 10m« JOc,ct.s/uc.•NO SLEEP :}~;- ::~-.!' ~~~,~~ i.!t:i 'l: )l f-:~:i.:j ~~ 2flt/ TEST 4-20-S:S CONTROL AFTER 20mitt STIMIII.ATION IOm4 IOc,clnMc. ·SUEP INt; 0€~~,~, II .,..._.._..-.........,._.__.- ~-.....- --.--•- I •••'"• •• , •• _. .,~_, •. •·-·· • ......,..._, __ .. ,..,.._,., ...... ..... ,_._ ~ ... -.. ~. ... ~~-· ·--· [. ..... ·--"~:4 ):~~-~%%~;l1r~~~:~f~.;;;N~S?J~-1~~Esf~?S~f!:m0J~~~;~~~f~gj~i~~t;~~?.~!J;~~~~~~lfffl:~02¥v?I;:~~;~~;~-"?~t[~-;t [August ELEcr.RIC SLEEP-PRODUCING DEVICES passes the cerebral hemispheres and by if long continued, flicker stimulation may irradiation descends to . the lower brain produce a significant hypnotic effect. stem centers. Hence, sleep is thought of as produced by cortical inhibition directly SUMMARY with secondary irradiation to subcortical When tested on normal subjects and pa centers. tients with various psychiatric disorders, In Russia, electrosleep appears to be the electric "sleep-inducing" devices have used primarily by psychiatrists(3, 6, 7, 9)~ been found to be ineffective from a practi Various Americans touring the Soviet Union cal standpoint, although behavioral observa have described the use of electrosleep tions and EEG monitoring have indicated where it is givtm for two-hour intervale; the onset of normal drowsiness and sleep on consecutive days for approximately ]!; patterns in some subjects and patients. No to 20 treatments(S). Improvement is clinically evident EEG disturbances of a claimed for such conditions as reactive pattern attributed to injury have resulted neuroses, astlwnic states and psychoreactive from the use of the devices. There is some forms of schi:t.ophrenia. Hypertension and question whether currents of the magnitude rheumatic encephalitis (chorea) have also employed would penetrate the cranium in been benefited, but involutional melan sufficient intensity to produce the complex cholias are believed to be made worse. changt•s theorized in the Russian literature. The results reported in this investigation indicate that both Russian and Japanese REFERENCES sleep machines are relatively ineffectual in I. Electric Sleep : A Clinical-Physiological ln struments. However, as indicated previous- vestigation-U.S.S.R. (Translation). New ly, the design of these experiments was not York: U. S. Joint Publications Research such that would detect very minimal sleep Service, 1960. (Distributed by Office of inducing properties. It is possible, relatively ineffectual in I. Electric Sleep : A Clinical-Physiological ln struments. However, as indicated previous- vestigation-U.S.S.R. (Translation). New ly, the design of these experiments was not York: U. S. Joint Publications Research such that would detect very minimal sleep Service, 1960. (Distributed by Office of inducing properties. It is possible, for in Technical Services, U. S. Dept. of Com merce.) stance, that some of our subjects went to 2. Forster, S., Post, B. S., and Benton, J. G. : sleep more quickly than they would have Preliminary Observations of Effects of _ done without the device. It would require Transcerebral Application of Low Voltage, extensive control observations and a m~c]:) _ _ Low Frequency Pulsating Currents, "Elec tl larger series of subjects and patients trosleep, .. in Certain Problems of Rehabili settle this matter. tative Medicine, Arch. Phys. Med., in press. Apart from a practical failure to demon 3. Hoch, P. H., and Pennes, H., in Bellak, strate effective sleep-inducing properties, L., ed. : Schizophrenia : A Review of the it can indeed be doubted whether the Syndrome. New York: Logos Press, 1958, relatively small currents produced by 464-465. these instruments could have a significant 4. Hntschncckcr, A. A.: The Sciences. New York: N. Y. Acad. of Sciences, 1961, I. neurophysiologic effect on the brainstem or 5. Kcrbikov, 0. V.: Treatment of Mental cortex, as has been claimed by the Russian Disease by Sleep, Lancet 1:744-745, 1955. · workers. It is more probable that the 6. Lesse, S. : Current Clinical and Research most significant part of this current trave~ Trends in Soviet Psychiatry, Amer. J. in the skin and does not penetrate the Psychiat. 114:1018-1022, 1958. cranium and that a more likely explanation 7. Solomon, C.: The Russians' New Sleep of slcl~p-inducing effects, if they can be Machine, This Week, Jan. 13, 1963, 5-8. demonstrah:d, is the monotonous flicker 8. Wayne. G. J.: Impressions of Soviet Psy sensation induct~d in the visual fields. chiatry, Calif. Med. 93:351-354, 1960. Clink'tll l'XPl~ril'nce with photic stimula· 9. Wortis, J.: A Psychiatric Study Tour of tion and obS(.!rvations originally reported by the U.S.S.R., J. Ment. Sci. 107:119-156, Pavlov indicate that at low intensities, and 1961.