Doc 0000173701

. • ,' , r,: . ....... .. "i . .., / I I I - , J \ ' ' Oct. 22, 1969 1 I I Dear 1-ir. ) I thought of you \·;hen the author of the atta.c!:ed report came in to see me the other day. As you see, he has a better sleep machine. i~ented The_ _ E.,_C!_chine is being. used by co-author i I knov-1 enough about sleep pl:j•siology to detect some ilagrant mistaKes in the text, but am sending you a copy in hopes you may be able to giv~ me an confident~al ev~luation. The reason I arn asking yo: to go to the trouble is that Jis giving a reoort on use of the machine in San Francisco · _ I Do vou think the machine is a lot of hookum or may he have sorr:ething? I , __ (He says-he is an electronic-engineer. Thanks for any help you can give. ---1 / ,f/ Sincerelv. -------------------·----------·--- - _______R EM ELECTRO-TH::RAPY -- ~_--.-. f.~-~ THE RUSSIANS PIONEERED "SLEE~ THERAPY" OVER E;,- ;. . ,_,: THIRTY YEARS AGO, AND HAVE TREATED MORE THAN 500,000 ~~- [:;~: PERSONS IN SOME 300 SLEEP CLtNICS LOCATED IN VARIOUS !':. ...... -- ~ PARTS or THEIR COUNTRY. AMERICAN SCIENTISTS HAVE BEEN t·: SKEPTICA~ OF ELECTROSLEEP BECAUSE OF THE WIDE RANGE OF ~ ~ CONDITIONS WHICH THE RUSSIANS CLAIM TO BENEFIT. LIKE- WISE, THE RUSSIAN CHOICE OF THE NAME "ELECTROSLEEP" CRE~ ATEO THE IMPRESSION THAT IT WAS A MACHINE TO .INDUCE NA7U ~AL SLEEP BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION, AND THAT AN EXTRA HOUR OR T~O OF NATURAL SLEEP WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS SUC CESS. HOWEVER, THE RuSSIANS OION 1T KNOW HOW OR WHY IT WORKED ON SUCH AN. APPARENTLY UNRELATED GROUP OF' AIL:":E~~;TS 7 ./ BUT SINCE IT WAS FOUNO THAT MANY OF THE OeSERVA6LE ANO MEASURABLE CHANGES THAT OCCUR WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL GOES FROM WAKEFULNESS TO StEEP TOOK PLACE CURING STIMULATION, ~HE NAME 11ELECTROSLEEP11 PROBABLY SEEMED TO THEM AS A LOGICAL CHOICE. UNFORTUNATELY, WHEN AMERICAN INVESTIGA TORS TESTED THE ELECTROSON~SOLELY AS A SLEEP-INDUCING MACHINE RATHER THAN A MODALITY rOR TREAIING VARIOUS AIL- -~ MENTS AND FOUND THAT ONLY A PORTION OF T~E SUBJECTS ACI UALLY FELL ASLEEP, THEY CONSIDERED THAT THE ~USSIAN CLAI:-:S WERE GREATLY EXAGGERATED. ·-·- -;·- ...... HOWEVER, AT LONG LAST, AMERICAN DOCTORS ARE SHOWING INTEREST IN ELECTROSLEEP THERAPY BECAUSE OF THE LARGE A:-:OUNT ' 1955. OF AMERICAN The image is primarily a graphic title card for a website called "The Black Vault." On the left side, there is a stylized illustration of a bank vault door with gears and a circular lock mechanism. The right side of the image contains white text stating that the document was obtained from The Black Vault, an online database of declassified government documents, specifically mentioning the MKULTRA/Mind Control Collection, and provides a website URL address. The text and graphic elements have a blue, glowing effect, suggesting a digital or illuminated presentation. There are no photographs of people, locations, equipment, or subjects; no handwritten annotations, signatures, or marginalia; no official stamps; no forms with filled-in fields; no diagrams, schematics, or organizational charts; no tables or structured data; and no visible redactions or obscured content. The document is a typed letter with handwritten annotations. The letter is dated October 22, 1969, and discusses a "better sleep machine." There are several handwritten notes in the margins and at the bottom of the page, including "Xerox Copy to for Information" and a handwritten list of what appears to be book titles or research topics, such as "Intro to Seq Smoothing & Prediction 1969," "McGraw Hill," "Discrete funct, analysis," and "Stat Camme-mo Theory' John Wiley." A handwritten number "216" is circled in the bottom right corner. There are no photographs, official stamps, forms, diagrams, schematics, organizational charts, tables, structured data, or evidence of experimental procedures visible on this page. VARIOUS AIL- -~ MENTS AND FOUND THAT ONLY A PORTION OF T~E SUBJECTS ACI UALLY FELL ASLEEP, THEY CONSIDERED THAT THE ~USSIAN CLAI:-:S WERE GREATLY EXAGGERATED. ·-·- -;·- ...... HOWEVER, AT LONG LAST, AMERICAN DOCTORS ARE SHOWING INTEREST IN ELECTROSLEEP THERAPY BECAUSE OF THE LARGE A:-:OUNT ' 1955. OF AMERICAN RESEARCH ON SLEEP SINCE ABOUT THIS -I- -----------------·- - - .. . • 4 ... ... INTEREST STEMMED FROM THE DISCOVERY OF A NEW KINO OF ~LEE? AND FROM A NUMBER OF INVESTIGATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION. THIS NEW KIND OF SLEEP IS MOST COMMONLY CALLED R£M, DREAM, OR DEEP SLEEP BECAUSE ITS MOST SALIENT FEATURES RAPID EYE MOVEMENTS, DREAMING, AND EXTREME AR~ MUSCLE RCLAXATION. QUIET, OR SLOW-WAVE, SLEEP IS SO NAMED BECAUSE OF THE ABSENCE OF THE OCCASIONAL DOOY MOVEMENTS OF REM SLEEP AND THE fACT THAT THE BRAIN WAVES HAVE MUCH LOWER FREQUENCIES. MODERN THEORIES ON SLEEP ARE DERIVED fROM A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF RESEARCH USING THE ADVANCED TECHNIQUES OF ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION, AND THIS RESEARCH DISCLOSES THAT THE ONSET OF SLEEP IS A VERY COMPLEX INTEGRATION OF MANY FACTORS WHICH INVOLVE BOTH EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY P R 0 C E S S E"S • T HE S E T HE 0 R I E S AR E F AR F R 0 M B E I NG C 0 MP L E T E , BUT FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER, AN ELEMENTARY DESCRIPTION OF PHENOMENA WHICH ARE PERTINENT TO AN EXPLANATION OF ELECTRI C~L STIMULATION ARE .PRESENTED HERE. THE STATE OF WAKEFULNESS IS MAINTAINED BY TWO ENTIRELY DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACTIVATORY PROCESSES WHICH ARE CALLED SENSORY STIMULATION AND TONIC FACILITATION. IN SENSORY STIMULATION, THE~( IS A FLOW OF INFORMATION FROM THE SENSE ORGANS WHICH ARE LOCATED BOTH PERIPHERALLY AND INTERNALLY THROUGH THE THAL_AMIC NUCLE~S IN. THE BRAINSTEM TO VARIOUS REGIONS IN THE BRAIN WHICH ARE SPECIFIC TO EACH TYPE OF INFORMATION. THE FLOW IS "CONTROLLED OR MODULATED B~ THE SENSORY RECEPTORS, VARIOUS SYNAPSES, A~O BY THE B R A I NS T EM c·o I'H RO L -~CENT E R • THE S E S T I MU L I U N0 E R .-C E RT A I N CONDITIONS ALSO MAY INDUCt A REVERSE FLOW. FROM THE CEREBRAL ., CORTEX TO THE BRAINSTEM CAUSING FURTHER AROUSAL ACTIVATION. THE ONSET OF SLEEP MECHANISM STARTS WIT~ INHIBITION IN THIS S YS T E M• The document is a typed page with a title, "REM ELECTRO-THERAPY," underlined at the top. The text is densely packed and appears to be a research paper or report. There are no photographs, diagrams, or stamps visible. There are some faint dots and smudges scattered across the page, and a small, hand-drawn line near the top right corner. Along the bottom edge, there is a page number "-1-" and a horizontal line with more faint markings above and below it, suggesting it may be a footer or a separator. The overall impression is of a standard, typewritten informational document, possibly from an academic or research setting. S T I MU L I U N0 E R .-C E RT A I N CONDITIONS ALSO MAY INDUCt A REVERSE FLOW. FROM THE CEREBRAL ., CORTEX TO THE BRAINSTEM CAUSING FURTHER AROUSAL ACTIVATION. THE ONSET OF SLEEP MECHANISM STARTS WIT~ INHIBITION IN THIS S YS T E M• V I S UA L AN 0 . AU 0 I T 0 R Y S T I MU L I t . MU S C L E T E. N S I 0 N t AN 0 ----------------------------- - ----------------------~ .. MOTOR ACTIVITY ALL HAVE STRONG AROUSAL ACTION WHICH ARE NORMALLY INHIBITED WHEN WE LIE DOWN AND RELAX IN A QUIET, DARK ROOM. ARTIFICIAL INHIBITION OF. AUDITORY AND VISUAL STIMULATION IS MOST EFFECTIVELY ACCOMPLISHED BY HABITUATION OF SPECIFIC MONOTONOUS AUDI-TORY STIMULI AFTER SOME MINIMUM NUMBER OF CLICKS ARE HEARD, OR BY A FLASHING LIGHT REPEATED FOR A PERIOD 0~ 300 TO 500 SECONDS. A FAR SUPERIOR V)SUAL STIMULUS, HOWEVER, IS THE INDUCT.JON OF". VISUAL 'IMAGES BY. ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE OPTIC SYSTEM, SINCE THE . ' FREQUENCY OF THE FLICKER CAN BE INCREASED BY A FACTOR OF ABOUT THREE BEFORE THE FLICKER DISAPPEARS BY FUSION. A BY-PRODUCT OF THE HABITUATION OF THE AUDITORY AND VISUAL SYSTEMS IS THE DEACTIVATION OF MUSCLE TENSION INDUCING A GENERAL RELAXATION. THIS RESULT IS CONFIRMED NOT ONLY BY THE OBSERVED MUSCLE FLACIDITY BUT BY THE BRAIN-WAVE PATTERN AS PORTRAYED BY THE.ENCEPHALOGRAPH WHICH SHOWS A CHANCE FROM THE ACTIVATORY PATTERN OF WAKEF"ULNESS TO THE ALPHA FORM OF THE RELAXED STATE~ THE ·sENSORY SYSTEM IS INACTIVE DURING SLEEP AND IF NO STIMULATION IS PRESENT,, SLEEP WILL FOLLOW. THIS PHENOMENON IS EXEMPLIFIED SY THE CASE OF A SUBJECT WHO, THROUGH INJURY, LOST THE SIGHT IN ONE EYE AND THE HEARING IN ONE EAR, WHO WOULD FALL ASLEEP EVENTUALLY WHENEVER TH~- GOOD EYE AND EAR WERE COVERED AND PLUGGED RESPECTIVELY. .. IN ORDER TO PREVENT UNWANTED SLEEP THE BRAIN IS PROVIDED WITH A CONTINUOUS STIMULATION WHICH ORIGINATES _,.IN THE MESENCEPHALIC HEMISPHERE OF. THE. B·RAINSTEM. THIS TONIC FACILITATION WHICH KEEPS THE BRAIN AWAKE HAS A MAXI MUM INTENSITY AFTER AWAKENING AND IT IS CONTINUOUSLY SUP PRESSED DUR0·{G-t·t:fE 'DAY WITH A MINIMUM MAGNITUDE ··AT BED-TIME. THE ORIGIN OF THIS SUPPRESSION OF TONIC FACILITATION IS RELATED TO THE NEED FOR RECOVERY WH1CH PROGRESSES OURI~C THE CAY AND TERMINATES IN SLEEP. THE TIME FOR RECOVERY RA~GES FROM MAGNITUDES MEASURED IN MILLISECONDS, SUCH AWAKENING AND IT IS CONTINUOUSLY SUP PRESSED DUR0·{G-t·t:fE 'DAY WITH A MINIMUM MAGNITUDE ··AT BED-TIME. THE ORIGIN OF THIS SUPPRESSION OF TONIC FACILITATION IS RELATED TO THE NEED FOR RECOVERY WH1CH PROGRESSES OURI~C THE CAY AND TERMINATES IN SLEEP. THE TIME FOR RECOVERY RA~GES FROM MAGNITUDES MEASURED IN MILLISECONDS, SUCH AS .· . . . . . . . THE NERVES, TO HOURS IN THE CASE OF THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF CEREDRAL ACTIVITY. THIS HIGHEST LEVEL IS FOUND TO OCCUR IN LEARNING AND CONDITIONING WHICH IS THE REASON FOR THE LARGE AMOUNT OF TIME SPENT BY BABY IN SLEEP. THIS ~ ACTIVITY IS BELIEVED TO ~RODUCE CHANGES IN THE LARGE GLIAL CELLS AND SYNAPSES IN THIS LEVEL, AND THESE CHANGES ARE CONSIDERED TO PROGRESSIVELY SUPPRESS THE TONIC FACILITA TION OF THE MESENCEPHALON DURING THE DAY, SO THAT WHEN T HE ' S E N S 0 R Y S T I MU L I AR E C UT 0 F F , S L E E P WI L L F 0 L L 0 W• SOME PROCEDURES USED BY SCIENTISTS F.OR fiNDING A CORRELAT)ON DETWEEN A SPECIFIC REGION AND ITS FUNCTIONS .ARE TO !iTIMULATC TIIC UCCION WITII VArliOUS C~ICMICAL:; OR ELECTRICAL CURRENTS OF VARIOUS CHARACTERISTICS, ~NO OBSERVE THE PHENOMENA PROOUCEDi AND TO CUT OR REMOVE A SPECIFIC RE~ION AND OBSERVE THE CHANCE IN PHENOMENA BEFORE AND , l AFTER RE-STIMULATION, SOMETIMES SUPPLEMENTED BY APPROPRIATE ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION. WHEN THE MESENCEPHALON IS REMOVED IN ANIMALS A SLEEP-LIKE STATE CHARACTERIZED BY EYE CLOSURE, MUSCLE RELAXATION, LOWERED PULSE AND RESPIRATION RATES, AND INSENSIBILITY TO TACTILE PRESS.. URE HAS BEEN .PRODUCED. THE . SAME SLEEP-LIKE STATE HAS INDUCED BY INSERTING MICRO BEE~ ELECTRODES AND PASSING A LOW FREQUENTY CURRENT THRO~GH THE MESENCEPHALON. IN REVIEW, IT HAS BEEN ESTABLISHEq THAT THREE - .. -· S T I MU L I C AN P•· R0 V I DE - . T HE C 0 ND I T I 0 NS F 0 R T HE : 0 N S E 7· . 0 f' S L E E P , NAMELY, AN AUDITORY MONOTONE FCR HABITUATING THE AUDITORY CORTEX,.AN ELECTRICAL FL.ICKER FOR K~BITUATIN~ THE VISUAL CORTEX - EITHER ONE OF WHICH WILL INDUCE A RELAXED MUSCULATURE -4- ...... AND A LOW FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL CURRENT WHICH MUST PASS THROUGH THE BRAINSTEM IN ORDER TO DEACTIVATE THE MESEN CEPHALON. HOWEVER, A NEW PROBLEM EXISTS BECAUSE TWO DIFFERENT ELECTRIC The page contains dense, typed text without any images, stamps, or handwritten annotations. The content is organized into paragraphs discussing sleep, brain waves, and the state of wakefulness. There are no visible signs of redactions, experimental procedures, equipment, or facilities. The document contains a single page of typed text, which appears to be a scientific or technical report. The text is dense and spans the majority of the page, with some minor variations in spacing and alignment. There are no photographs, handwritten annotations, signatures, stamps, forms, diagrams, schematics, tables, or structured data visible on the page. There are also no apparent redactions or obscured content. The visual presentation is purely textual, with the arrangement of words on the page being the primary visual element. THE AUDITORY CORTEX,.AN ELECTRICAL FL.ICKER FOR K~BITUATIN~ THE VISUAL CORTEX - EITHER ONE OF WHICH WILL INDUCE A RELAXED MUSCULATURE -4- ...... AND A LOW FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL CURRENT WHICH MUST PASS THROUGH THE BRAINSTEM IN ORDER TO DEACTIVATE THE MESEN CEPHALON. HOWEVER, A NEW PROBLEM EXISTS BECAUSE TWO DIFFERENT ELECTRIC CURRENTS FLOWING IN THE SAME REGION WILL INTERFERE WITH EACH OTHER. THIS PROOLEM WAS SOLVED BY SYNCHRONIZING THE TWO ELECTRICAL CURRENTS. THIS SYNCHRONIZATION PRODUCED AN AMAZING RESULT - TH~ ELECTRI CAL FLICKER WAS TWICE AS BRIGHT IF THE LOW FREQUENCY CUR~ RENT THROUGH THE BRAINSTEM WAS THE SAME AS THE ALPHA RHYTHM, A~D IF THE FLICKER CURRENT FREQUENCY WAS FOUR TIMES THE ALPHA FREQUENCY. THE RESULTS. WERE OPTINUM WHEN THE MONOTONE WAS ALSO SYNCHRONIZED WITH THE TWO ELECTRICAL STIMULI. THE THREE SYNCHRONIZED STIMULI -AUDITORY MONO TONE, ALPHA DRJV~, AND ELECTRICAL FLICKER- INDUC~ A STATE' OF RELAXATION, A SLEEP-LIKE STATE, OR SLEEP. CONCERN OVER LOSS OF SLEEP BY THE ARMED FORCES DURING WAR RESULTED IN NUMEROUS STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF S. LEEP DEPRIVATION SINCE IT HAD· BEE. N KNOWN FOR A LONG TIME THAT SLEEP DEPRIVATION LEADS TO MAL-FUNCTION, PERMANENT DAMAGE, AND FINALLY DEATH; AND ALSO THAT TEMPORA~Y SLEEP LOSS IS MADE UP BY INCREASED SLEEPING TIME DURING THE RECOVERY PERIOb. THE MENTAL SY~PTOMS OF SLEEP LOSS FOLLOW A SLOW AND PREDICTABLE PATTERN, AND THE CHANGES ACCELERATE' AS TIME PASSES. SOME OF TKE CHANGES FOLLOWING SL.EEP D~PR!VATION ARE: INATTENT19N, WEARINESS, LACK OF CONCEN TRATION, LOSS OF MEMORY, SLURRED AND FAULTY SPEECH, LIST- LESS BEHAVIOR, REDUCED MUSCULAR EXERTION, A~XiETY, SKIN SENSATIONS, WITHDRAWAL FROM REALITY, TIME DISORIENTATION, VISUAL DISTORTIONS, ILLUSIONS, HALLUCINATION~, SEVERE PERSONALIT-Y'· CHANGES., ANO FINALLY A PSYCHOTIC ~-"!:A_TE:. THE EEG's OF' BRAIN WAVES SHOWED AN ALTERNATION BETWEEN THE ALPHA FORM ANO THE SLOW SLEEP-LIKE WAVES, ANO TH~SE AL TERNATIONS ARE CALLED 11MICROSLEEPS11 • -5- SLEEP IS PRE C E 0 ED By· A DEC L I NE IN ACTIVIT IE S OR PCRFORMANCE AND DY SUBJECTIVE FEELINGS OF TIREDNESS, WHICH HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED TO BE DUE TO AN ACCUMULATION DURING WAKEFULNESS OF WASTE PRODUCTS WHICH ARE DISPOSED OF DURING SLEEP OR OF A DEPLETION DURING WAKrEULNESS OF VITAL ~HEMICALS WHICH ARE REPLENISHED DURING ~LEEP. WHEN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FROM FATIGUED DOGS IS INJECTED INTO NON-FATIGUED DOGS, THE LATTER SHOWED SIGNS OF DROWSINESS AND SLEEP, THUS INDICATING THAT A HYPNOGENIC SUBSTANCE ACCUMULATED DURING WAKEFULNESS. SEROTONIN, WHICH IS A "HORMONE"-LIKE SUBSTANCE EXHIBITING A WIDE OF A DEPLETION DURING WAKrEULNESS OF VITAL ~HEMICALS WHICH ARE REPLENISHED DURING ~LEEP. WHEN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FROM FATIGUED DOGS IS INJECTED INTO NON-FATIGUED DOGS, THE LATTER SHOWED SIGNS OF DROWSINESS AND SLEEP, THUS INDICATING THAT A HYPNOGENIC SUBSTANCE ACCUMULATED DURING WAKEFULNESS. SEROTONIN, WHICH IS A "HORMONE"-LIKE SUBSTANCE EXHIBITING A WIDE R~NGE OF POWERFUL EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN AND OTHER ORGANS OF TH~ BODY, IS FOUND IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. SIMILAR EXPERIMENTS WITH WATER-SOLUBLE EXTRACTS FROM THE BRAINS OF SLEEPIN~ ANIMALS PRODUCED SLEEP IN THE REC~PIENT ANIMALS. THE MEDULLA AT THE BASE OF THE DRAINSTEM CONTAINS THE RAPHE NUCLEI WHICH ARE NOTED FOR THEIR PRODUCTION OF SEROTONIN. WHEN 80% OF' THE CELLS OF THESE NUCLEI A~E DESTROYED THE EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS SLEPT LESS THAN 10% OF' THEIR NORMAL P~RIOO. SIMILARLY, THERE IS A LOCUS COERULEUS NUCLEUS JUST BELOW THE RAPHE NUCLEI WHICH CONTAINS THE SYSTEM FOR REM PRODUCING SLEEP, AND .THIS NUCLEUS USES NORADRENALIN FOR ITS ACTIVATING AGENT. .. IT HAS BEEN LONG SUSPECTED THAT THERE IS A STRONG LI~K BETWEEN INSOMNIA AND MENTAL ILLNESS~ IN ONE 'TWO- _,y E AR S UR V E Y 0 F S E V E R AL HU N D RE D ME NT Al . P AT-1' E NT S ( WI T H PSYCHOSES, DEPRESSIONS, AND OTHER AILMENTS), IT WAS FOUND THAT 81% OF THEM HAD BEEN SUFFERING FROM SLEEP DISORDERS, ~ . . AND' MANY OF THEM WERE COGNIZANT. THAT SLEEP LOSS. WAS-THE ..· CAUSE OF THEIR-AILMENT. !N ANOTHER STUDY OF A ~~~GE NUMBER OF PATIENTS HAVING HEART SURGERY, IT. WAS FOUND THAT A HOSPITAL IS NO PLACC TO FIND REST. PATIENTS'COM?LAINCD BITTERLY OF LACK OF SLEEP IN~ 6USY WARD WITH HOURL~·MEDICAL CHECKS AND ·- EXTENDED NURSING CARE. THIS STuDr DISCLOSED THE FACT THAT IN A THREE TO FIVE. DAY POST-OPERATIVE PCUIOD, OVCR OtiC- I'"'' T II IIIII II r T II r: I' 1\ T I r. NT:; II A II II I VI' ·I. 0 I' C II A II 0 Ill :; 1J :; I' I C lllll !i, II 1.1 Ill I II tl , II I :; U II II. N I A I I 0 N , AN II II 1\ Ll. U C I H A r I IJ N:, WI I I C II VA t1 I ~ II C (J A r l I II I' Ill. I' AT I t: N r W This document is a typed page with a dark border on the left side, indicating it may have been part of a binder. There are no photographs or diagrams present. The text is in all caps, with standard paragraph formatting. There is a handwritten annotation "-4-" at the bottom right corner, indicating the page number. There are no visible stamps, signatures, or redactions on this page as viewed. The content discusses biological experiments and procedures, referencing concepts like "mesencephalon," "electrical currents," and "micro electrodes." II II. N I A I I 0 N , AN II II 1\ Ll. U C I H A r I IJ N:, WI I I C II VA t1 I ~ II C (J A r l I II I' Ill. I' AT I t: N r W A:; 1'1. A C 1.11 I N A (J U I 1: ( I(() 1111 W I T II A 1'11 N I tl U M N lJ 1'111 t: II 0 r I NT t lc II U I' T I 0 N !i • T I I t: !it: AN IJ 0 T II C II :; T U 0 1 1:::; -1111 I N G L 0 !~ :; 0 f :i L t: 1: I' I N T 0 f 0 C U ~ A~ A N I MI ' 0 IC T AN T f' AC T 0 (( I N Mt : 0 I CAL l'li ACT I C C S I NC C T II C :0 L ( E P DC I' ({ I VAT I 0 N :; T U0 I C:; SHOWCD TIIAT THE SYMPTOMS APPtARING WEHE ESSENTIALLY THE SAME AS FOUND IN THE MENTALLY ILL.·. THE IMPORTANT QUESTION IS, THEREFORE, WHICH KINO OF SLEEP LOSS IS THE C~LPRIT. SEVERAL STUDIES OF REM SLEEP DEPRIVATION WERE MADE AFTER OVERCOMING THE DIFFICULTIES OF DETERMINING THE EXACT TIME THAT REM CREAMING STARTED AND ENDED. WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL'COES TO SLEEP, HIS INITIAL QUIET SLOW-WAVE SLEEP LASTS FOR A PERIOD OF 60 TO 90 MINUTES AFTER WHICH HE STARTS DREAMING. THERE ARE NORMALLY FOUR OR FIVE OF T~CSE REM PERIODS, IN WHICH THE FIRST ONE IS THE SHORTEST AND TIIC LA!;T ONE IS .TilE LONGEST, AND ONLY THE DRCAMS OF THE LAST ONt ARE REMEMBERED. THE TOTA~ REM SLEEPING TIME IS, ON THE AVERAGE, 20%-oF THE TOTAL PERIOD. THESE STUDiiS DISCLOSED THE AMAZI.NG FACT THAT THE LOSS OF REM SLEEP PRODUCED ESSENTIALLY THE SAME~MAL-FUNCTIONING THAT OCCURRED WITH TOTAL SLEEP DEPRIVATION. THE SUBJECTS ACTUALLY.SLEPT MUCH LONGER THAN USUAL IN THE QUIET SLOW-WAVE PHASES ANO THEY WERE EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO AWAKEN. ~HE DiSCOVERY OF THIS BASIC PHENOMENON PROVIDES THE SCIENTIST WITH A NEW TOOL FOR ATTACKING SLEEP . DISORDERS AND THEIR DERIVATIVE. . AILMENTS. T-H : I · S - ·T-H . I . R .·. D . STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS CAN BE IDENTIFIED BY ITS This document is a typewritten page with no photographs, diagrams, or handwritten annotations. There are no official stamps or markings such as "CLASSIFIED" or "SECRET," nor are there any visible redactions or obscured content. The page contains paragraphs of text describing research on electrical currents and sleep deprivation, along with a page number "-5-" at the bottom. There is no visual evidence of experimental procedures, equipment, or facilities. WERE EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO AWAKEN. ~HE DiSCOVERY OF THIS BASIC PHENOMENON PROVIDES THE SCIENTIST WITH A NEW TOOL FOR ATTACKING SLEEP . DISORDERS AND THEIR DERIVATIVE. . AILMENTS. T-H : I · S - ·T-H . I . R .·. D . STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS CAN BE IDENTIFIED BY ITS SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS AN E£G PATTERN RESEMBLING THAT OF WAKEFULN.E SS, RAPID EYE MOVEME~iS 1 · OFTEN .JERKING OF THE' LIMBS, MARKED F·LACIDITY OF NECK MUSCLES, AND ALMOST ALWAYS A REPORT OF OREAMI~G WHEN AWAKENED. -?- ·- •• 4 • ANOTHER IMPORTANT FACET OF TOTAL SLEEP DEPRIVATION IS THAT THERE IS A CHANGE IN QUALITY OF SLEEP, AND THIS CHANGE IS FOR THE WORST S)NCE THERE IS A LARGER PERCENTAGE LOSS OF THE REM STATE. SLEEPING PILLS AND TRANQUILIZERS ARE USED IN LARGE QUANTITIES FOR THEIR EFFECTS, AND, SINCE HYP~OGENIC THERE ARE TWO KINOS OF SLEEP, INVESTIGATIONS WERE CONDUCTED ON THE KINO OF SLEEP WHICH THEY INDUCED. THE SURPRISING" RESUL!S WERE THAT BARBITURATES, TRANQUitiZERS AMPHETAMINES 1 AND ALCOHOL SUPPRESS THE REM STATE·WHEN TAKEN REGULARLY. WHEN REM SLEEP DEPRIVATION IS TERMINATED THERE IS A RE B 0 UN D I N T HE R E C 0 VE R Y P E R I D D· I N WH I C H T HE S U a·J E C T SLEEPS FROM II TO 14 HOURS ArTER SEVERAL NIGHTS OF SLEEP LOSS WITH A MUCH HIGHER THAN . NORMAL PROPO.R TION OF. REM SLEEP. WITH LONGER PERIODS OF DEPRIVATION THE PROPORTION OF REM IN CREASED. ANIMAL STUDIES DETERMINED THAT AFTER REM SLEEP DCPHIVATION THEY SECMCD TO RECOVER ADOUT 60% OF· THEIR LOST orcc.-.M r•tHIOu:;. FuuTtll:u :;Tul>tl:~ wcHc MAUl: ON Ttll. tct:covucv t•LIIHJI) l'lltNOMLNON u:;tNC T\J<) GtiOUP~· Of teAT~ Of.I'HIVI:IJ 01" !;LCCP f" 0 I( I" 0 U I( 0 H r I V t: 0 A Y ~ W II L: H E 0 N C C: n 0 U P W A S C I V £ N A C L I C tl T E l. t: C TIt I C S II 0 C K 0 Y T 0 UC tl I NC T.. HE C L E C T 11 0 0 E T 0 T H t:: E Af c • . THE UNSHOCKED CONTHOL GROUP SHOWED THE USUAL INCRE:"MENTAL 'COMPEN- S~TORY PERIOD OF REM SLEEP BUT THE SHOCKED GROUP SP~NT AMUCH SMALLER PERIOD IN The image shows a single page of a typewritten document, likely a scientific or research paper, given the content discussing sleep, brain function, and related medical conditions. There are no photographs, diagrams, or forms. The document features a few scattered dots and a small dash, possibly ink smudges or small imperfections in the paper. A faint, handwritten "-6-" appears at the bottom center of the page, indicating a page number. There are no official stamps, redactions, or other markings that suggest a classified status within the context of the MKUltra program. T 0 UC tl I NC T.. HE C L E C T 11 0 0 E T 0 T H t:: E Af c • . THE UNSHOCKED CONTHOL GROUP SHOWED THE USUAL INCRE:"MENTAL 'COMPEN- S~TORY PERIOD OF REM SLEEP BUT THE SHOCKED GROUP SP~NT AMUCH SMALLER PERIOD IN REM SLEEP. THIS KEY E~PtRIMENT PROVlOES A NEW METHOD OF QUICKLY REMOVING REM SLEEP DEP~IVATION EFFECTS ... ! IN THE RAT WHICH WAS SU8SEQUENTLY VERIFIED ·aN THE CAT- NA~ELY, I I PASSING AN ELECTRICAL CURRENT THROUGH THE·HEADS OF THESE \ ~y ANIMALS. -:·fH·I-S. fXPERIMENT SUGGESTS THAT THE ELECTRIC CURRENT CAUSES THE RELEASE OF A COMPOUND THAT COULD BLOCK \ THE FLOW OF THE ACTIVATING AGENT 'FOR REM SLEEP, WHICH "HXS \ 6 E E N I DC : NT I f'" I E 0 AS N0 R A0 R E NA L I N • ·,. I T HA S 6 E E N K N0 WN F 0 R \ \ .· -8- - . . . \ . \ SOMETIM~ THAT THE PONiiNE RETICULAR FORMATION CONTAINS \. A TIMING DEVICE WHICH PRODUCES REM SLEEP AT R~GULAR. I \ INTERVALS BUT WHICH IS INTERRUPTED DURING WAKEFULNESS. I \ \ IT HAS BEEN DETERMINED EXPERIMENTALLY THAT A SPECIFIC DOSE OF RESERPINE IN CATS LEADS TO A COMPLETE £LIMINATION" OF REM SLEEP FOR AS LONG AS FOUR DAYS. A POSSIBLE HYPOTHESIS IS, THEREFORE, THAT THE ELECTRIC CURRENT BLOCKING EFFECT OF A RESERPINE-LIKE COUNTERA~TEO.THE SUBSTANC~ OF EITHER THE TIMING DEVICE OR OF THE EXCRE TION OF NORADRENALIN FROM THE LOCUS COERULEUS RECIO~. IF THE CAUDAL PONTINE RETICULAR FORMATION IS CUT OR REMOVED, REM SLEEP IS COMPLETELY ELIMINATED, CUT IF TtiiS RCCION IS STIMULATED ELECTRICALLY WHILE MAN I~ IN A SLOW SLE~P-LIKE STATE, REM SLEEP WILL FOLLOW. IT IS POSSIBLE FOR STRONG AROUSAL STIMULI OR DRUCS, SUCH AS AMPHETAMINE, TO COUNTERACT THIS ELECTRICAL STIMULA TION. THUS, WE FINO THAT.ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE BRAINSTEM AFTER SENSORY HABITUATION LEADS TO A QUIET SLEEP-ST.ATE FOLLOWED BY THE REM STATE IN WHICH SYMPTOMS OF. REM SLEEP DEPRIVATION ARE REVERSED. THESE CHANCES ' ARE DRAMATIC IN A LARGE NUMBER OF ·CAStS FOR IN MANY ' 1 I INSTANCES A SINGLE ONE-HDUR STIMULATION COMPLETELY / I REVERSES THE SYMTOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND OTHER SIMILAR I I MENTAL DISORDERS INDUCING A STATE OF CALMNESS AND WELL~ .. I BEING. T11f. CLINICAL. Af'f'LICATION Or . .CLCCTitiCAL :;TIMliLATION TO MAN INTHOOUCC:i TtiC The image provided is a declassified document page with dense, typed text. There are no photographs, handwritten annotations, official stamps, forms, diagrams, tables, or structured data visible. The page contains no redations or obscured content, and there is no visual evidence of experimental procedures, equipment, or facilities. The document is entirely text-based, discussing sleep deprivation studies. NUMBER OF ·CAStS FOR IN MANY ' 1 I INSTANCES A SINGLE ONE-HDUR STIMULATION COMPLETELY / I REVERSES THE SYMTOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND OTHER SIMILAR I I MENTAL DISORDERS INDUCING A STATE OF CALMNESS AND WELL~ .. I BEING. T11f. CLINICAL. Af'f'LICATION Or . .CLCCTitiCAL :;TIMliLATION TO MAN INTHOOUCC:i TtiC PHOULL:M OF PASSING AN I:LCCTHICAL CUR RENT THROUGH THE HEAD, DY MCANS OF EXiERN~LLY ATTACHED ELECTRODES -I . N .. S T ·- E · A D.. -. OF THE USE OF INTRA-SKULL MICRO- ELECTRODES PLACED IN A SPECIFIC REGION OF THE SRAINST~M. . THE SIZE OF THE RETICULAR FORMATION OF THE BRAINSTEM !S NO BIGGER THAN THE LITTLE FINGER, SO iT IS OSVIOUS THAT AN CURRENT FROM ELECTRODES WOULD PASS ELECTRICA~ EXTERNA~ . ~ I' -----------------------------------~-- . . .. . T~Rciuc~ ALL RE~IONS OF THE RETICULAR FORMATION JF JT PASSED THROUCH THE BRAJNSTEM AT ALL. ACCORDING TO OSCILLATOR THEORY, THE IMPEDANCE TO CURRENT FLOW IS A MINIMUM FOR FREQUENCIES APPROXIMATING THE SPONTANEOUS RHYTHMS, AND THE RHYTHMS WHICH ARE -FOUND IN THE REGIONS IMPLICATED IN THE INDUCTION OF SLEEP HAVE FREQUENCIES WHICH RANGE FROM LESS THAN J CYCLE/SEC. TO AUOUT 14 C~CLES/SEC. fon EXAMPLE, THE WAVES IN THE PONTINE RETICULAR FORMATION DURING REM SLEEP ARE 6 TO 8 . . CYCLES/SEC.,.AND THE WAVES,FOR DROWSINESS ARE 8 TO 12 CYCLES/SEC. •WHICH ARE ESSENTIALLY THE ALPHA RHYTHM. . i HOWCVEH, THE MOST EFFECTIVE CLCCTHICAL FLICKC~ FHE~UENCY IS 32 TO 40 CYCLES/SEC. WHICH 1i.THE THIRD HARMONIC OF THE ALPHA RHYTHM, AND THEREFORE WILL PROVIDE MINIMAL STIMULATION OF STRUCTURES WITH SPONTANEOUS FREQUENCIES OF 8 TO 10 CYCLES/SEC. THUS, WE FINO THAT FOR OPIIMUM STIMU LATION OF THE OPTIC NERVE AND THE BRAINSTEM RETICULAR FOR ~ATION, TWO OSCILLATORS ARE REQUIRED WITH A 4:1 FREQUENCY RATIO• THERE ARE THREE LOW IMPEDANCE PATHS IN THE HEAD: JUST UNDER THE SCALP, THROUGH THE SURFACE AT THE BASE OF THE BRAIN, AND ALONG THE OPTIC NERVE WHICH EX- TENDS FROM THE EYES TO THE V;SUAL CORTEX. ELECTRICAL FLICKER CAN BE INDUCED WITH MINIMAL CURRENT INTENSITY WITH ELECTRODES ON THE MASTOIDS BEHIND THE EARS, WITH . CORRESPONDING ELECTRODES OVER THE EYES, BUT JHIS ARRANGE- MENT PRODUCES PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SUCH ANXIETy AS A~ WELL AS THE S I OE EFFECTS. OF ~-l.~~, BLU~_RED VIS 19N IN SOME PA"t.I:EN!.S, .. -.JN_F.REQUENT LARYNGEAL SPASMS,,JN ADDITION· TO MINIMAL CURRENT IN THE BRAINSTEM. foR MAXIMUM CURRENT IN THE BRAINSTEM, THE CUR~·. ENT SHOULO FLOW EITHER The page is a typed document with the header "ANOTHER IMPORTANT FACET...", discussing sleep patterns. Scattered throughout the text are small black dots, possibly representing punctuation or minor damage to the original document. A circle, drawn around a section of text, encircles the paragraph beginning "WHEN REM SLEEP DEPRIVATION IS TERMINATED...". Near the bottom right corner, the number "-8-" is typed, likely a page number. There is also a faint, dark vertical line on the far right edge of the page which may indicate damage or part of the original binding. The provided image is a scanned document page containing a large block of typed text. There are no photographs, handwritten annotations, signatures, official stamps, forms, diagrams, schematics, organizational charts, tables, or structured data visible on this page. There are no apparent redactions or obscured content, and no visual evidence of experimental procedures, equipment, or facilities. The page appears to be solely composed of typed research notes or a report. EYES, BUT JHIS ARRANGE- MENT PRODUCES PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SUCH ANXIETy AS A~ WELL AS THE S I OE EFFECTS. OF ~-l.~~, BLU~_RED VIS 19N IN SOME PA"t.I:EN!.S, .. -.JN_F.REQUENT LARYNGEAL SPASMS,,JN ADDITION· TO MINIMAL CURRENT IN THE BRAINSTEM. foR MAXIMUM CURRENT IN THE BRAINSTEM, THE CUR~·. ENT SHOULO FLOW EITHER BET~EEN THE TWO MASTOIDS OR FROM AN ELECTRODE AT , -tO- ··wenw •·•• ·= .. .. . THE SACK THE HEAD AT THE SASE OF THE OCCIPITAL LOSE 0~ TO FOREHEAD· OR TEMPLE ELECTRQDES. THE L~TTER ARRANGEMENT IS SUPERIOR BUT IT INTRODUCED A NEED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT . . OF A NEw'TYPE OF ELECTRODE FOR CARRYING CURRENT FROM THE SURFACE OF THE HAIR, WHICH IS PARTICULARLY THICK ON.WOMEN AND HIPPIES, TO THE SCALP •. THE IDEAL FLICKER ELECTRODE ARRANGEMENT IS EITHER WITH TEMPLE OR FOREHEAD ELECTRODES, JUST OVER THE EYES. .. SUMMARIZING THE PHENOMENOLOGY, WE FIND THAT SLEEP DISORDE.R S ARE THE GENESIS FOR A MAJOR PORTION ¢F . . MENTAL ILLNESS AND THAT RE~-STATE SUPPRESSION IS THE ACTIVATING AGENT, ANO THAT MOST OF THE DRUGS FOR TREATING MENTAL ILLNESS NOT ONLY DO NOT HAVE MUCH CURATIVE VALUE BUT ARE THEMSELVES A PARTIAL CAUSE OF T~E. ~~NDITIONS WHICH THEY ARE SUPPOSED TO TREAT. APPR~PR)~TE 'ELECTRICAL STIMULATION APPEARS TO PROVIDE THE BEST SOLUTION BECAUSE IT HAS NO SIDE EFFECTS, SUPPRESSES DRUG WITHDRAWAL RESOUND, . AN. D PRODUCES IMMEDIATE RELIEF OF SYMPTOMS IN A SUSSTANTIAL PROPORTION OF THE MENTALLY ILL. LOOKING AT THE CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF REM ELECTRO-THERAPY, A GUIDING PRJNCIP~E FOR PROGNOSTICATING. . ~ ITS PROBABLE EFFICACY IN TREATING VARIOUS AILMENTS WOULD BE' TO LOOK .FOR CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE RE.M DEPRIVATION PHENOMENA AND THE SYMPTOLOGY OF VARIOUS AILMENTS TEMPER~O BY XHE KNOWLEDGE THAT THE MO~US OPERANDI OF REM ELECTRO- THERAPY INCLUDES: RAPID DISSIPATION OF REM HYPNOTOXINS, REHABILITATION DURING REM SLEEP, ANO THE SUGG~STISI~IiY 0 F T H E A P P A-R:·A TU S P.·E R S E • T H I S S UC GE S T I B I L. I T Y M",l, Y B E E I T ti E R FACILITATIVE OR COUNTERACTIVE OEPENOING ON THOUGHTS TH~ WHICH WILL BE BROUGHT INTO CONSCIOUSNESS BY ASSOCIATION WITH THE STORED MEMORIES OF PAST EXPERIENCE. FOR EXAMPLE, -II- THE PATIENT