Doc 0000176559

The image displays a graphic featuring a stylized bank vault door on the left and text on the right. The text indicates that the document was obtained from "The Black Vault," an online database of declassified government documents, specifically within the MKULTRA/Mind Control Collection. It states the collection consists of over 20,000 declassified pages from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and provides a URL for downloading the entire collection. There are no photographs of people, locations, equipment, handwritten annotations, signatures, official stamps, forms, diagrams, tables, or redacted content; the visual elements are solely the graphic and the descriptive text. . ~ .... f.- 3/ -If~? .,• ------1 Dear As a result of our discussions on 21 August 1973, I am propos ing a three phase program designed to: (1) Establish the effectiveness of electric fish in detecting foreign objects at a distance; (2) Determine the methods used by electric fish for ranging and location; and (3) Design equipment systems suitable for replacing electric fish in terms of targeting foreign objects. I am enclosing a summary of this program. Phase I of the program described herein will correspond to "Phase II" of the program described \however the tasks have been modified somewhat to better serve the needs of the program. The remainder of the present contract will be used to assess necessary parameters of the electroreceptors system in Gymnarchus and Gna thonemus. Both of these fishes would be used in the Phase I and Phase II of the program recom mended above. I am also enclosing a more detailed description of the experi ments to be performed in P.Qase I of the proposed program and an example of the type of experiments that are appropriate in Phase ill. Details on Phase II would depend strongly on the results of the Phase I investigation. I hope that this proposal meets with your approval. Please let me know if you can recommend any added experiments or studies which would aid in the development of a prototype hardware system. · With best wishes 1 .. - .. .. - --~ . T A PROPOSED THREE PHASE PROGRAM TO DEFINE HARDWARE ANALOGUES OF ELECTRIC FISH SENSOR SYSTEM ·. .. PHASE I ESTil\tiA TING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ELECTRIC FISH IN DETECTING FOREIGN OBJECTS AT A DISTANCE Perform psychophysiological experiments using different kinds of electric fish in restricted water so as to estimate their ability to identify the existence of foreign objects in this water taking into account electrical discontinuities imposed by the boundaries of that water and the foreign objects placed within it. Specifically, consider the fish as a signal generator and receptor and the use of auxiliary signals which replicate the fish's signals and other signals of specific interest. Com pute the e:-:pected behavior of such fish in open ocean or fresh waters given typical boundary conditions with respect to depth, topology, in-. homogeneity of the water, temperature, and other applicable parameters. Summarize these findings in terms of the ability of these fish to other signals of specific interest. Com pute the e:-:pected behavior of such fish in open ocean or fresh waters given typical boundary conditions with respect to depth, topology, in-. homogeneity of the water, temperature, and other applicable parameters. Summarize these findings in terms of the ability of these fish to identify foreign objects in a harbor or other natural body of water of interest. .• foreign objects such as small submarines, torpedoes, scuba divers, skin divers, mines, and others. l\1ore e:\1>licitly, determine the sensory capability of individual electric fish in terms of their ability to sense the existence of foreign objects as a function of range, fundamental area, volumetric displace ment, differential discontinuity, and so forth. In this regard, use a tank of water at measured temperature and electrolytic conditionts. Retain a fish near one point and insert in the water various objects, discerning the different behavior of the fish as these objects are inserted by con currently monitoring_ the electrical field within the water. Specific levels of background noise will be introduced by using a noise generator and measuring the noise amplitude in the tank. Experiments will be per formed under normal and extreme noise conditions. From these results, ·. 1 calculate the estimated behavior of such a fish in detecting an object in an inf.,i nite water domain and large scale waters with various boundary conditions. PHASE II DETERMINING THE METHODS USED BY ELECTRIC FISH FOR RANGlliG AND LOCATION Perform detailed experiments wherein the particular character istics of electric fish are related to their abilities with respect to ranging and location. Particular attention will be focused upon the use of phased arrays of receptors, the fish's ability to determine incremental time lags in the signal, the estimated spectral properties of the the fish's sigr~.al, ability to modify the transmitted signal as a reflection of knowledge gained from previous receptions, and so forth. Interpret these findings in terms of specific schematics and data analysis required to synthesize models of the fish's capability, models which when reified would provide signal advantage over the state of the art with respect to such a target as described above. PHASE ill DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT SYSTEMS SUITABLE FOR REPLICATING ELECTRIC FISH ' . IN TER1!S OF TARGETING FOREIGN OBJECTS Design, fabricate and test experimental apparatus suitable for replicating the above-referenced models. Perform experiments with this apparatus so as to improve its ability in various The upper portion of the page contains handwritten annotations: "110707" on the left and "8-31-1973" on the right. The main body of the document consists of typed text describing a three-phase research program. There is a single encircled number "251" in the bottom right corner, likely a page number or document identifier. No photographs, diagrams, stamps, or experimental equipment are visually present. such a target as described above. PHASE ill DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT SYSTEMS SUITABLE FOR REPLICATING ELECTRIC FISH ' . IN TER1!S OF TARGETING FOREIGN OBJECTS Design, fabricate and test experimental apparatus suitable for replicating the above-referenced models. Perform experiments with this apparatus so as to improve its ability in various regards. M:ake a specific comparison of this capability to that of an electric fish and · estimate the utilily of such an ~pparatus in terms of operational situations. 2 COST ESTil\iA TE • PF..ASE I '- $ 6 months PHASE IT - $ 1 year PHASE Til- $ 1 year 3 .. I. \Viii\ T \'/.E IIJ. VB LJ::.O\Itl'-!ED F~10I·.r INVESTIGL\ TIO~ OF ELECTRJ( FISIIES 1\I·~D QU:C:STIONS \TliJICJI STILL Hj::ivif.IN . Electric fishes have specialized electric organs: (1) tr~nsmit"ting T orr;::ms which transmit electric sj~naJs modulated and coded in specific way:::: and (2) receiving org~ns (clectrorcccptOl·s) which are part of Uw latcraUs system r.nd detect either (:i) di:-::(;OlltinuiUG.s in ihe elcetric fielcl gencrr..tcd by t . l le t.J :.· ~ ~ : · .L 1~ C • ' d . . . J - .l ~ · L · . · l · . · l r ~ t , r o '.. 'P~.', :1 1•." L<_";.' "\ • • r • l 1 Cl1• t'11 - r ~ > · f .J 'c .,; - :, ] lCue . l' . - ~ , · , _~ , : ~ . c't "I .'.. c " . C t· ] ' · \ r e c ! ' - n ..L '· .. r :. . . . cl l . . · l , • , • o ;:. · ..c.- ) •.r:.• to-1 '. ~..".' ', v f J l) clmn~cs in the electric field G;cncr~ ted by the ::mthorb:.·thmic electroreeepto:!:~. when the fishes us~ rt passive detecting system and (c) electrical sign::ls emiHecl by fi£hcs of the same species or of other species, even nonelectric fish which still produce an electric field ret:ulting from their muscular activi during swimming. All this 111(:ans that fishes can detect, elc~ctric navig~te, locate and identify living or nonorganic matter and can communicate under water by means of electric signals and/or electromagnetic detection .. The electric power invol·1ed is very small. . Some of ihe electric fishes have built-in a jannning avoidance system. 11ost of them can extract a signal The page appears to be a title page from a report. The text is centered on the page and reads: "A PROPOSED THREE PHASE PROGRAM TO DEFINE HARDWARE ANALOGUES OF ELECTRIC FISH SENSOR SYSTEM". There are several small black dots scattered across the page, likely from the scanning or printing process. There are no images, stamps, handwritten notes, or other visual elements present on this page. This page from a declassified MKUltra document contains predominantly text; there are no photographs, handwritten annotations, stamps, forms, diagrams, tables, or redactions. The document is structured with a clear title ("PHASE I") and subheading, followed by paragraphs of text detailing experimental procedures. The text describes psychophysiological experiments designed to assess the effectiveness of electric fish in detecting foreign objects, outlining methodologies and parameters for monitoring the fish's behavior and the electrical field. The bottom of the page shows a page number "1" centered. detect, elc~ctric navig~te, locate and identify living or nonorganic matter and can communicate under water by means of electric signals and/or electromagnetic detection .. The electric power invol·1ed is very small. . Some of ihe electric fishes have built-in a jannning avoidance system. 11ost of them can extract a signal fro~ ----------· ·---- a noise that is significantly hi:;h~r than. the sign.al itself. 1 a nd from the data we ha;e f~~l~--crthe~ -~~i~~t~. ists Y:e concluded that unique methods of detection and communication ,~,o::.·l:::, are peculiar to some electric fishes, which .could significantly improve our technology if propedy applied. In the appendiees to this chapter I summarized the results o! the research I have dona so far on electric fishes .. ·. 4 ... U.~.:-....', , .... electric fishes \';ere fisces. cl~.:~::-~c w~ boo~s havi~g some c!-.::::._:Jters or~ electric fishes and d:1ta from our own c:-:::.:;:.-:.:-::~::~s. \Vr:; l~.5:t:C: tl:e lo~::-:~c.-:~ o: Si)..::c_~::.c ~is:~cs ~=-AC: pr-~pa:. . cd maps showi:.g their habitats. 2. S~:.::.:; -:::.. . o:;~(;'-.: ~~SC~505 of ~h~ Cl~c-:.:·:.c fisl~es \Ve!~e studitZ!d. \'!/e fou~d a c·..:.::o :o:- ~!:z ~:c~=--l~!te s!·::.:-1 c!~~~::..:;e cf :z:cc-:::-c?!-.or;;.s {?~bl. X::::~~re .. J~.::.;:.:.:::y 196~} (a cancer-type of skin disease). . C ..., ' .. - . · . · . . _ . ~ .-..· v·,- ·-."~-"-••~,,/~ .-:>, . C ..., - ~. . .. " .. ' ,. ) ., - - • - • : - "- .. 4 .. " '- \· ' . . • ... • . ~ , • ; w : 1 carapo was studied . o·"!" ......... ..... "---'""·-: o-·- .. ........ (. _·:_:~_: _:...· J.... ,v.. .~.. . , v .. . ., c .. . ., . . : . - ~ "- ~ ~ - . - , ~ - ,.~ . ..-. \-,.; .".. ~ " . ~ .... ..... ~ ~ -- ..... u - •-• ~ - \'., t-...::. . _~_ .~..,...... , ~. . . . .. . .. , . ! .. ~ . .. ··· ~ ~ ~J.""frw,l.. .... c .4 .:;<lr!.:> c-...:..~. '--.•-•"•"'1".' -...- o··· -.•: "~ : •.: : . ..~.. - -::::-o-: ... ~·~:,...,.; ... rr) < - :;.. . . . . . . . . d o.: • o . " ... 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':'~:.-= ~J-:J\: v~ c:::. . ~o~~::.~ a.:-,'- :-;:oc.~ .. r-~:.o:l c: t:-:~ cl2~::-ic sig~al.s e::r.i.i~t~d ~y :;.:-::c-::... .. :.c .::.s:-.\;s \·1~-:c st~:.:~~C: ::.:-.~ cl:.ssii'~cd. ~31cct:-o~::o:-~s electricus, .::::~-::.-:.:.·~;_:.; carapo, Sternarchus albifrons, Eigenmannia troscheli, C:::;.:.::o::.::-:-.. :.:.:; petersii, Gnathonemus curvirostris, Gymnarchus niloticus .. ; -~--•-t-t'.. -'·~-"---c=~:.~... ,.. - . . . - .~ -... ".__,. _... -. 1. , .4 - - ~ w · . · .: - :. electr·1·cus • ) :. . , ... . . . ~ .. · u -- - -· . ~ .. . . . . c , ;. . .. - .. ' ,. c :" · ' • ., _ . ,. . , . . . ' ; ) \ . .. . .; es- - = •• " • - .: .. ; ... !:>y . : ... ; ... · ,_ ~ec . . . . . .. . . . " .L . ' . - • - .= • - ~.s . \ ., . , . . t , . ;~ : _ _ ·::J··o ... """',.:l·---s o·'"''·e .. :..-•,.,.. Co-··,.,..,.., ........ e -;:J- -...-. --.,' •:•- ·w·. .~.. ~w ,~ ......... i. • ,_ • _ c~ -. lw.~iiW\.::"""' ••b .;., ~..... a · r c , , J ~ W · . · .% A" 'cc~ · · · -~\ot;;;-. 4.£4oC• '=••""" C'!·"-' 4 ' - : J " .; " ;.. \ . - .. - ~ ~ :0 _ __ .,., o .... ""'=·;c orry ... '-\..,;. ..... ...;. -.e, -rr. ..... ,...,. '...n .·. o ..... , ..:1.: .. .-._-..-~_-;.:.-.....·. ~.:-. This page from a declassified CIA document contains typed text detailing experimental phases and procedures related to electric fish and their detection capabilities. There are no photographs, diagrams, stamps, or handwritten annotations visible. The content is purely textual, outlining scientific or research objectives, and includes a page number "2" at the bottom. There is no visual evidence of experimental procedures, equipment, or facilities beyond the descriptive text. This page contains a typed "COST ESTIMATE" with three phases listed: Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III. Each phase is followed by a dollar sign and a duration, with Phase I estimated at 6 months, and Phases II and III each estimated at 1 year. There is also a page number "3" at the bottom right. The document has a slightly aged appearance with some light speckling. There are no photographs, stamps, redactions, or other visual elements beyond the typed text and page number. A" 'cc~ · · · -~\ot;;;-. 4.£4oC• '=••""" C'!·"-' 4 ' - : J " .; " ;.. \ . - .. - ~ ~ :0 _ __ .,., o .... ""'=·;c orry ... '-\..,;. ..... ...;. -.e, -rr. ..... ,...,. '...n .·. o ..... , ..:1.: .. .-._-..-~_-;.:.-.....·. ~.:-. .~ - ... .,;,;,. • ...,\.. - - :::> " - " . " .. . \.:. o ._ s- .:> i .. - . ' . 7 , ;, .~..-.. ...t.J..;. - 1 c c-.-..~... ~v -~~- 1--. . i . . .. ..." "l. ~ .... s·l ~ ~ e.. " . - : - ~- ::?e:..~ga:r:'lC:::1 Press, 1965. S. 3~::s.vior experi.:nents were performed with Ster::archus albifrons, :s:~~~::-o::::>horus electricus, and Gymnarchus n11oncus. 7. ?:-ocf was brougt.t about the co~r::lu::.lca:lou. ability of electric fishes. ser.si:ivity to electric ar.ci :r:agnctic ws.s checked. 'I'1:~i:::- s~i:nuli S. :S~:2.c~ weas:.::-c::-.en:.s \verc r.1aCc of tl;~i~ Cisch::.:-ge.; a:1d ct;rves \'.'ere for voltage. . pca.k po\ver .. t:'~ccd t;~e Elcc\.ro~l'lor-t!s ~s:ablis:;.i:lg ti~c a~d its Curves w ::;re traced also .for voltage c:.v~r.:g.; ~ower o~· C:Ls.:~arge. c .. . . c . ; . . . - :; - .., : L . . , .. 4 . s• '- .~.'·=-= .. • .. 4 ,Q.L..,•. ~·no4~ L 44 ": S 4 : ! . \ . : " S U -r . : : 4 a .' Q ... . .. b .. c . . - l • . . •• . • , ~ - t • . ' I ' I /"' t : = , • . i . : . ) , l . o . 4 . . .. . . of r·l· . - ; ~ :) - f . .f , . . \; , ; . ,s e • ; 9. were pc::-formcd, a::d the c:"fcct of de on the cle:\-:t::-ic ::Sx?cri::-~cr.:s cu::-~·cn~s sig::als of c:.cctric fishes has b.:::cn :·or Electrophorus, e.st~bEshcd S~c~n~=-c!:~s~ G:,':-nn:l.:-cb.t.:S G~~-:hor:c~t!s. and :\I~. . l~~:cr-~rus. 1 ·. :. o. . ':':~~ ~r:~c-t of :.:-.!.ic!'lol:.::ccs:e:::"::.~c c:: ·~l:c b~. . ~i~ of S". .. c:-:1~!--c11us \V~s ~ invcsti- g.:::c~. Tl1e c~~::~e i:l its b~:.:u\·io~ u:~d frc(iUC::cy :.r.c! ~=•1pli~uci~ o:· tl':e s~gn:::.l cmit:cd by the fish were s~ud:.eci. Tl-.c ~ccli6:1tion effect .:Lt low t " r . . ; . " v o •' " " "" ' ' ' 1 . - ..... . . This document appears to be a declassified CIA report, though it contains no images of people, locations, equipment, or experimental procedures. The text is densely typed, with some minor printing imperfections. There are no handwritten annotations, signatures, stamps, forms, diagrams, tables, redactions, or visual evidence of experimental procedures. The document is a multi-page text-heavy document. \V~s ~ invcsti- g.:::c~. Tl1e c~~::~e i:l its b~:.:u\·io~ u:~d frc(iUC::cy :.r.c! ~=•1pli~uci~ o:· tl':e s~gn:::.l cmit:cd by the fish were s~ud:.eci. Tl-.c ~ccli6:1tion effect .:Lt low t " r . . ; . " v o •' " " "" ' ' ' 1 . - ..... . . . .. . . " # " r "' . ., L .. • : J .. . . b ,. . - L . . r \" - " : :oo \ r ,. - , ) • L.' - t . , ; . • . " - " " •~ " -' ' \ , . ; . , . 0 . - .. c ~ .. · ;. , ~w · w. - \ ~ ;_ e . o. .6 : . · '- ' • n t " : " " ' " - -• n h 1 • , n . ,. W ., . & ... . c., • . . o· • 1 S+ "" c-n .. .. ' ,. " , ' . "" . " . " # ' l . .. ; ,; . • ., • . w • .: - :. albifrons' was studied. Cor:l?=.:.~iso:: wi~?l the z.n~ic!'loli::cc.stcrasc is :::::lclc. (?'-p.J=.' p::.'cscnted at the AAAS meeting, university of California in 3.:::~:-\:~l(;J~; cc:.:~i~~or wi:b D::'. :VI. 3a.slO\V;, ur~i.ve::-sity of r:c-vt~ii. Only the ex?~;;,~i::H~n:s co:1c::.:.ctcd in o1.:.r la.bor~to~7 are ~entioncd here. Dr. M. 3.:..s:o'.v· cc::C~c:2G o-;:1:c~ c:.:~~::-::-."le::~s O:l :(!l:.:y":·::;l: c..::C otl-:.er f:.s~l at ~1-.e of H.::::.waii, his results are presented as first par:: of the u~-::.vc:~sity 2 .... ""-... - b -- = ) .-,.:,..... ~-.~..-.;.;...;.. .. -,-_• .:, --._".·• .~.J .-_.~.-:. •.. .... ~--c - . -- ~ 1 ~ : - ' ~ . ... ..~... i-:· )-~ . - .. - . t'.::Ill: :,.....•. v~ .~6.. IC::'-c. ...... \;.;• ."'!; .~.; ;.;~ vv. :2. J-. ~-,y:?o-::-.cs~s ~~o~t the \\!c.y elect1... cr~c~p~o~s of tl1.e el·~ctric fishes \'."Ork v.rc_~ ~~,. ... :.=-.~~~" ~:·.c. e:)~:-:r~~::.::c.-:~s v.r~:.-~ G~v:.:;;.::~ ~o ?:... .. cv~ tl:~ ~ypc·~~1c.sis. ::::z..g::e:lc ::c!Gs v:c::e cc:: cle..::t!'·:.;t~::c z..::~ C::..:c:.::~. \--:le C.:::-:..;.o~st!"'=.te\i ~::.:~ Gymnarchus niloticus is sensitive to a ~c:.~:-.::::.! ;;:-c.d:.2:-.t of a~oc-: 0. CS ·..;.v/ c=:., z.::.:: Sternarchus albifrons is I • only h~lf as ser.si:ive. ·.. .. !5. Ar:. cxplana.tio:u. i:1 similar ter:r.s v:as given of experiments i:1 which niloticus and Sternarchus albifrons were trained to Gy~-::1:::..:."'ccus C::..:c:.::~. \--:le C.:::-:..;.o~st!"'=.te\i ~::.:~ Gymnarchus niloticus is sensitive to a ~c:.~:-.::::.! ;;:-c.d:.2:-.t of a~oc-: 0. CS ·..;.v/ c=:., z.::.:: Sternarchus albifrons is I • only h~lf as ser.si:ive. ·.. .. !5. Ar:. cxplana.tio:u. i:1 similar ter:r.s v:as given of experiments i:1 which niloticus and Sternarchus albifrons were trained to Gy~-::1:::..:."'ccus s .. 0~ • ~~·~ a :::ec.~~ cr.:.ls:r:s ava1 '" 1 au , _ 1 e I .. . or .1L'. t:e ., . oc:..1.L.:... Qn o::. . o· b J . ectI s 'oJ y eJ• .eC •. . ~l00 c l•l•S :• l · a:-~ ~\;v!.c\ved. · It is conclt:.C.ed f:-0::1 t!:c :--es~l:s of a c:ri~ic~l c:-:pc.:-i~~~::t ti:::.:i: Gymna1·chus niloticus can detect objects by the disturbance of its . . . . loca.-::.on is shown. The effect of the receptors of the perturbing field due to c:.n o:,jcct depencs 0:1 the electrical properties of the rece.._:Jtors. !n · c:::a:·~!~c::::e cases, the s~i::1ul~tio:: o: th~ reccp~o:-s is pl'Oporticr.~l ci!l-£~r to the po:ential or to its second de::-ivative. Graphs are given showing. t~e effect of z.n object 0:1 the potential a.:1d 0:1 its seco::d derivative <1rounc! the surface of the fish. 6 _ ---4 ... _.. ____ .... __ .__. ___ --·-- -- ------··,..--.. - - .... _ ~ .-. 4.._...r"'"'._--.---~-·..-·--.· · ... ,_.- ~--·--. _ _.. • ...._... ..........._ _..._. ..... -..~-----.-~ ... ... _._. .. ·- 18. E:qJcrimcnts are described using Gymnarchus niloticus which (a) con firm that the mechanism of object location employs the detection of the distortion of the electric field produced by discontinuities in this field, and (b) indicate the limits of the sensitivity of the fish. · 19. The detection of the second derivative mode of its own emitted signals appears to be the most probable one operating in Gymnarchus. The ex perimentally determined limits of detection are discussed in relation to the random noise in the receptors circuit. It is concluded that both spatial and temporal integration are likely to be employed. ~0. r:::~ ::::~cs::~:=s :.. o~ c!Jjcc: !oc.:.:ic:: &::d fo:- :-es~onsa to direc~ cu:-re::ts c ,.,. . . . • ... . \ ~ ;;. " " - ' '' " " " -' " .. ' . · • - · - ; - . ": ; " ~ · · . ~ . -= \ - ;;" ...: • • - .L . t .. . : •:: - a The document is a typewritten page with a title in bold all-caps: "SUMMARY OF WORK ACCOMPLISHED." Below the title, there is a list of nine numbered points detailing research activities related to electric fishes. The text is clear and legible, with no handwritten annotations, stamps, or diagrams. There are no photographs, redactions, or visual evidence of experimental procedures or equipment. The page appears to be a standard report or summary of scientific findings. \ ~ ;;. " " - ' '' " " " -' " .. ' . · • - · - ; - . ": ; " ~ · · . ~ . -= \ - ;;" ...: • • - .L . t .. . : •:: - a c u - . .. . . . . . . . . c~ • , \. 4 .. ' .. - . 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" 'e 6 rr • ... a· .. o , • . .s • . - . · . , . ., . a ' m ~ -""rero .'.•. e" ~ ' l·c rece;.. vo-;.;......, e.. .-:. ....... ... e . .. ~ . ; -. ; C o .-..~.. . - ... .. ~ . e u .. u c ' :~.o .. . . . ; .. O:l o.:;. a - . . u . c - :: b .; : - ;, o . , .. u~ - e n e \'{ · w · • ,.. • , a·e rwe·> -. •.. er • ~o . - .. - a.l. - oS . - ... : . • ~ - ~ · l ng-recelV · i. : .·.·.. j - :; .::.O,"J':. r:_.:.:, ...· ..~..-..-.. . 23. The electric organs of Sternarchus albifrons, a South American fresh water weak electric fish, have been studied with emphasis on electro receptors. The morphological and physiological characteristics of electroreceptors, ampullary and tuberous, were investigated. Special instrumentation required for establishing the role of these electrorecep tors in object location, detection and identification has been dev-eloped. 24. \Ve have recorded with microelectrodes the autonomous autorhythmic electrical activity of the tonic asynchronous ampullary electroreceptors of the South American weak fresh water electric fish, Sternarchus albifrons. We have also recorded the electrical activity from the asynchronous phasic tuberous and of the synchronous and asynchronous el~ctroreceptors ampullary elcctroreceptors of the same electric fish, Sternarchus albifrons. Preliminary measurements have been made. The auto rhythmic P.ctivity of the ampullary electroreceptors has been demonstrated. ·. The electroreccptors are part of the complex latcralis line system of the electric fishes. 25. The other lateralis line system sensory receptors, like mechanical receptors and displacement receptors, have been discussed as part of a The page contains typed text that appears to be research notes or an excerpt from a scientific publication. There are no photographs, diagrams, stamps, or handwritten annotations visible on this page. The content is purely textual, organized into numbered paragraphs describing experiments related to electric fish and their sensory capabilities. There is no evidence of visual elements, redactions, or forms. have been made. The auto rhythmic P.ctivity of the ampullary electroreceptors has been demonstrated. ·. The electroreccptors are part of the complex latcralis line system of the electric fishes. 25. The other lateralis line system sensory receptors, like mechanical receptors and displacement receptors, have been discussed as part of a general hybrid object detection, location and identification and recogni tion system of the fish. 26. A study of the anesthetizing effect of tricaine-methanesulfonate (l\1S222= FINQUEL) on Sternarchus albifrons has been undertaken by plotting time for the anesthesia and recovery for different specimens. The anaesthetic does effect the pulse-rate and pulse-shape of the discharge of this fish. Anaesthetic other than "Finquel" which does not affect the electric fish's electric organ pulse repetition rate has been found. Also, the effect of D-tubocurarl.ne and the cow1ter-effect of neostigmine has been assessed for Sternarchus albifrons. Finally, some improvements in the micro electrode recording instrumentation have been made. 27. \Ve obtained some specimens of the African weak fresh water electric fish Gymnarchus niloticus. They are supposed to be the .most sensitive of all the weak electric fishes known. Together with two specimens about one foot long, we received a number of baby Gymnarchus niloticus about two inches long. The baby electric fish were infected with a Saprolegnia fungus and could not be saved, but we fixed a number of them in buffered formaldehyde and one of them has been cut and mounted in paraffin for histological studies of the electric organs. Preliminary measurements have been made on the communication capability of adult Gymnarchus niloticus. 28. The electric discharge of Malapterurus electricus, an African fresh water strong electric fish, has been measured in and out of water. Its electric organ can discharge bursts of impulses of 100 to 350 volts and currents to about 40 rnA. In general they can put an electric power of about 1000 watts per kilogram of electric tissue (1 watt electric power per gram of electric tissue). From our investigation, it can be con cluded that electric fishes could use their electric organs (transmitting and receiving) for and communication- in other words, under navig::-~tion water object detection, location and identification using an electromag netic system of detection. £ 30. The physical analogs of tonic and phasic electroreceptors nave been established. Both are represented by a generator connected to res is tances and cctpacitances in series and in parallel. The difference a The document is a typed text page, numbered "8" at the bottom. It contains several numbered paragraphs, likely portions of a scientific paper or report. There are no photographs, handwritten annotations, stamps, forms, diagrams, or tables visible on this page. There are also no redactions or visual evidence of experimental procedures. The content is exclusively text discussing electroreceptors in electric fish and related research. words, under navig::-~tion water object detection, location and identification using an electromag netic system of detection. £ 30. The physical analogs of tonic and phasic electroreceptors nave been established. Both are represented by a generator connected to res is tances and cctpacitances in series and in parallel. The difference a ·. between tonic and phasic electroreceptors is that the first ones have one resistance in series with the generator whereas the phasic electro receptors have a The tonic elcctroreceptors seem to be c~pacitance. predominant, maybe like five-to-one, compared to the phasic electro receptors. The electroreceptors seem to act, to a certain extent, in dependently of the main electric transmitting organ; at least two out of three different types of electrorcccptors are asynchronous and only one type of electrorcceptor will synchronize with the main electric organ. It has been found that the complete denervation of the transmitting electric organ does not stop the activity of the asynchronous electroreceptors (both phasic and tonic). The fish is still capable of responding to conductive and nonconductive objects placed near the fish's body. It may affect the total capability in determining certain movements or impair, to a certain extent, its sensitivity in object recognition. Some of the synchronous tonic units are connected to one and the same nerve trunk part of the acoustico·-rateralis system but connected to specialized big nuclei in the brain. The most strH::ing fact about fresh water weak electric fish, besides their spontaneous electric organ, is that all of them are provided with a highly developed Iateralis line system. Related to this acoustico- lRteralis system is an enlargement of the cerebellum, especially in G:n"!ln:!..rchus nilotict!S and in mormyrids. The unusual importance of the lateralis sysfem in these fish, compared with other teleosts, is not