Doc 0000022015

-.. ~. ,- -- . -• r - -:-~ .. - '- .... ( Period from FcbnH:ny 1, 1967 to October 15, 1967 I. Summary of Progress The previous phase of this study afforded evidence for a model of the electrodermal response which implied that the recovery limb contained infor- mation of value. An approximate method for obtaining a characteristic measure of this limb, the recovery half-time, was adopted and used for initial explora- tions into possible applications of the new measure. Results were very encourag- ) ing and as a consequence a major effort has since been exerted toward the develop- ment of a more refined measure for characterizing the recovery limb and toward the evaluation of its behavioral indications. At the same time a parallel effort was maintained to contiaue experiments aimed at clarifying the nature of the peripheral mechanism of the response. The following summarizes progress made in these area&. The subsequent section on Specific Findings (li), details the quantitative data of those items whose analysis has proceeded far enough for reporting. A. Recover~' Umb Measures 1. A superior manual method was developed for obt::.lining the time con- stant of the recovery limb, Its reliabilit'J between scorers and in rep..:-~ted measures ) excec<.!s 0. 90. @ __________ __ __ .. , .. ... ,. ,_..,. -----...-.---------------------··-~ -2- \ I 2. The basis for two automL~tcd systems for evaluating tr1c time constant was estabLished; one of t11ese is an analog system, the other digital. I3oth arc relatively simple, 3. The discrinw;;kg power of the new measure as an indicator of stimulus situation bas been tested on several populations, using the manual method. It successfully distmguished between several paired categories of stimulus con- ditim s with remarkable reliability. 4. The recovery limb time constant for a given individud during a standard stimulus 8ituation was found to be characteristic and was correlated with his rate of habituaLon to a series of repeated stimuli. lndividt:.als who had a short time constant also tended to have a slower habituation in their electrodermal ) response to a series of reaction time tests but not to a series cf tones. 5. The variation in time constant was examined in a population of. subjects in which each was exposed to a succession of eight conditions ranging from resting with eyes closed through a series of simple to compte.:'( tasks. A cold pressor test was a,lso The page displays a stylized graphic of a bank vault door rendered in a metallic blue and gray palette, set against a black background. To the right of the vault, bold white text announces "THE BLACK VAULT" in a distressed font, with a neon blue outline. Below this title, in smaller white text, is a description of the document's origin from "The Black Vault," an online database of declassified government documents, specifically mentioning the "MKULTRA/Mind Control Collection" and its source as the CIA. At the bottom, a yellow hyperlink provides the web address for accessing the collection. There are no photographs, handwritten annotations, official stamps, forms, diagrams, tables, redactions, or visual evidence of experimental procedures, equipment, or facilities. The page primarily functions as an informational header or introduction. The page displays a typewritten document with handwritten annotations and official stamps. A stamped endorsement "Approved for Release" with a date and a handwritten number "152" in a circle are visible at the bottom right. There are also faint, abstract line drawings near the top of the page that may represent graphs or data representations. No photographic content or clear depictions of experimental procedures or equipment are present. not to a series cf tones. 5. The variation in time constant was examined in a population of. subjects in which each was exposed to a succession of eight conditions ranging from resting with eyes closed through a series of simple to compte.:'( tasks. A cold pressor test was a,lso included. The time constant varied with the situation ii! a characteristic manner, being longest for the rest situation and becoming shorter as the task becomes more ir.volving. This finding was a consistant one across subjects and was indepl.'!ndent of amplitude. The cold pressor test, although producing high activation, was accompanied by a long time constant (about the same order as that of spontaneous responses during rest), These results strongly supported the interpretation of short time constants as accompaniments of goal directed behavior. ) 6. Shorter time constants were found, as predicted by the model, to be associated with positive ~kin potcnt~al responses and with rcab::orption responses. -3- ' 13. Studies of tlw Peripheral l\k'chanism I 1. A major question regarding the nature of the absorbtion reflex (and presumably, therefore of the origin of the positiv~ skin potential response believed' to be rcla~ed to it) is whether ir depends upon absorption through the horny layer, mcdi:1ted by the underlying epidermis, or upon sweat duct activity. :!;:~tical dcvic•.~ . . .f2t.-£.bserv}.!;.t surfa££_m9J,.'ili!Le..,!.1a~V!m.2ItWhe h}TQ.t))s.§iE_ that-reabsorption occurs via the sweat duct. ~·~1MRA~~nce4Vrlldllll m :w •• --ct"'o''ll.r.A 2. The local potential response (LPR) produced bv stretchin~ the skin ~._...am -.·:.a.. ,.__........,r«::i..,..'"tW' ... _ was previously shown to contain a fast and a slow component which often respond ~gut r:z:ssm:~;.w-&l«1'F''za&&ll ........_...,. !""("~•• • e·eeal diff~rentty to changes in s.urface conditio_ns. A given variable may produce either potentiation or attenuation of the LPR in a manner which defies prediction at this ) stage, but the variation in amplitude of the experimental site is consistently greater than the control and an effect of the surface variable is con.."iequently statistically significant. How~ver, only three effects are consis~ant in direction of change: amplitude. b. 3xsanguination pr0duces an increase in LPR amplitude. OS 8 ,_-.~ a.4"V c. Background negative electrodermal potential activity produces ee ggrn•_...,.,,.. ft' 11e:: ; ,....,...nwn &!I r s J?MF.I an L'lcrease in LPR amplitude. 3. The striking effec1. of the aluminum ion in selectively potentiating ....,...,_____.. -~I'<· the positive wave oi the skin potential response was utilized as an aid in an attempt to ) identify wt1ich The document is a typed page from a report, numbered "-2" at the top. There is a handwritten annotation above this number, appearing to be an administrative mark. The text itself discusses automated systems for evaluating time constants, the discriminating power of a new measure, and the variation of time constants in different situations, including the use of a cold pressor test. Although the text alludes to experimental procedures, there are no visual representations of people, locations, equipment, or experimental setups depicted on this page. There are also no official stamps, forms, diagrams, tables, or redacted content visible. activity produces ee ggrn•_...,.,,.. ft' 11e:: ; ,....,...nwn &!I r s J?MF.I an L'lcrease in LPR amplitude. 3. The striking effec1. of the aluminum ion in selectively potentiating ....,...,_____.. -~I'<· the positive wave oi the skin potential response was utilized as an aid in an attempt to ) identify wt1ich con1?onent of the biphasic potential response was primarily responsible - . -4- ,' ' for the conductance chanl .,. ! _. c in the cxusomatic rt.!S!1Unsc. Since . im . l . i , '. · 'i · d r !J - : w J! a ~ ~ . ~ . h . o . w , . a ~ rather wide variation in their n:sponsc to local opplication of AlCI , concorcbncc 3 _,___ _,..__,._....,"'-_...,..__,,....,. .. ~rl(i,N. ~ 26'0K&.ati bct.,.:een effects upon positive potential responses r.nd effects upon conductance responses was cxa;nincd. Tl1e results of d1is study on 20 subjects ' raised more questions th.:m it answered. Although potentiation of the ~onductancc response was correlated with the potentiation of tile potential response a;;ross subjects, the ~s specific :relation to SPl\s of nag:ltivelopposed to positive dircct1on, and the relation of polarity of current flow to degree of potentiation presented a confused picture. ~doreover, the associated measurements of capacitance and impedance revealed no significant effect of A!Cl on these for the group as a whole. These results are 3 presently undergoing intensive examination and will not be reported here. ) 4. The r a e -. p m o - r .. t - ·-- .. under the nail plat~.§..£la~i~d. } ..,. ---- -- ~~~~,.,..,a ~.___ --- l\ndicating that these were observed only at ~,_-....,..--...-~--• WZ&cl , ... w r .-.c~£~~o ~.,.,...~..,~ the distal tip near the mar£rin with the naked skin. A new method for i.rtsuring that -~~~~-~~.t~· the nail plate site was confined to the center of the nail and for precluding spurious 1 contributions by activity of the reference site demo!lstrated the following: a. Positive or negative potential responses may be observed from m~':J the center of the nail plate. b. These are not appreciably influenced (if at all) by the application ~~_._...., of vari(IUS surface electrolytes. c.· Local potential resnonses of high ma~nitude (all positive} are ~zrer=m?~JtiJPn'a'='.,....-r-en-..,1 ...._,._, ·--...-..~, ~~~~ ) rca.Jily elicited from tbis same area. ,I"">WF'll. ... •._ , _________ _, __._ .._ _ P ¥'* \ LQJ!M liP>; X 4i!J "'T+'_N. 4.U. . I4." all) by the application ~~_._...., of vari(IUS surface electrolytes. c.· Local potential resnonses of high ma~nitude (all positive} are ~zrer=m?~JtiJPn'a'='.,....-r-en-..,1 ...._,._, ·--...-..~, ~~~~ ) rca.Jily elicited from tbis same area. ,I"">WF'll. ... •._ , _________ _, __._ .._ _ P ¥'* \ LQJ!M liP>; X 4i!J "'T+'_N. 4.U. . I4." "'VII"'.J-LJ'\OI,. ... -4~~~-""'4"'t.,. ,._..,mr_.._.......,.,_,_.,__..._...,, 1 >-~<w_..w..-------·------------ ~--------------------------------·---------------------- .· -5- d. Exosomatic nail rcsnonscs showin!! the tYPical increase in ____ _, __. _.... ... ...... -. .. •n--.... -----"~""--- 'C""L.._...""'~~~...._~ ~ ri"iii ....... - ~~ c~du.sE.a.!!CC_<;l.FS?..,T1.~.L£_b.§.~.,r~;i· Responses showing a decrease in resistance are not unusual, but entire records in which the nearby skin is active may show none of these. They are thou~ht == ... to represent the vasomotor dfect upon conductance rypically seen ____ ...........,,.,.,.tvF:I --..w..~-.:rv~-...,~~.&·+c-OIZJ::.II MUII'"~.......,.;O::te,-...WI in the impedance plcrhvsmo~am. The lack of covariation between - F .,. ,.._.,.__ ( n ..., ~· lllii3 C ,.,...~..,,__ • suggests that thev reoresent different. phenc-mena. At this stage it ~ tt rrt< ="'"4+ ·e• t"#tr ott vztr;IZ ,... is believed that the nail potential responses because thev correlate • ·-·-------~·~-,....~·~ .. 9 ""tCl2'·gc :3JC!iiiC~ ) C. Study of Bio-Psychological Adap_tability Initial exploration of the possibility of using the adaptability of autonomic behavior as an index of adaptability of psychological behavior has been started on a population of 60 sti:>Jects. These were run through a battery of psychological tests and then exposed to a behavioral situation which examined their rate of habituation . to a series of repeated stimuli, their rate of activation from a rest swte t"' a ~-.~sk state, and their rate of relaxation following the end of the r:ask. Analyses completed to date have shown that individuals who demonstrate a capacity to maintain a high . ezzx--rta!!.,..._"'!!tt p-=i.WI'S'¥<"'<SPiDI'4'3!'W'1i'C ==e,.....,....,.3#bV't""'I".Olii,..,......,..Et••_.dW•de·K; ..-.,w•• ce ~ degree of approP-riate inhibition during motor task performance also show rapid ~..T- - · ~ · .... ....,aw,:.:-•ce·rt·»,,.,~*•~;.wr.·ra·r.,yr._JO .. ,.,..,,.,,.~C recoverv of electrodermal levels after high activation. ivioreo·.rer, post-activation ~~~.aai.!L:N'•P&"$"ar.;.)t'·-e•a-t"""'a)A~~-w:-....·~4·1 ~ r~~,ip~~~}~~s for p~e. . ~?l...U"'~e and for e~~~r~~~.S~~;1_,ty ~ .. ) ~.a,..I.;:,D.:..r.;...;" ~'"!:"~~.~-~ .. ceed at different r::~tes, and a large fraction of the test pooubti::m shows a reciproc~l ·~" ....... "'D-~~· ... • .- ..... IJii=" rcla tion between these two rates. - - ~ -6- . -, } ll. Specific Findin::rs A. Recovery Limb of the Skin Conductance Response 1. Manual measurement of the recovery liinb time constant. Gildemeistcr (1923) and Darrow (1937) bad The page contains typed text that appears to be part of a scientific or research document. There are no photographs, handwritten annotations, stamps, forms, diagrams, or tables visible. There are also no visible redactions or obscured content. The visual appearance of the page is solely that of a typewritten document. shows a reciproc~l ·~" ....... "'D-~~· ... • .- ..... IJii=" rcla tion between these two rates. - - ~ -6- . -, } ll. Specific Findin::rs A. Recovery Limb of the Skin Conductance Response 1. Manual measurement of the recovery liinb time constant. Gildemeistcr (1923) and Darrow (1937) bad described tile recovery limb as an exponential decay curve. All responses whose recovery limb has the same time cons_tant should fall along this curve independent of amplitude as shown in figure 1. In actuality only the first portion of this limb falls upon an expDnential slope, since the latter portion apparently represents a separate component as described in the pn:?vious report. Because this second component may come in at various levels, the half-time measure previously described is subject to considerable variation in the activity of the !>low component (figu·re 2). In addition, if a second wave occurs ) during the recovery of the wave in question, measurement of the half-time is often ·precluded. For these reasons, a method for examining the tine constant of the early portion of the recovery limb was developed. In this method a transparent template consisting of a' family of exponential curves, each having a slightly longer time constant than the one to its left, is slid sideways over the response, its base- ' line at the level of l;'esponse onset, until one of the calibrated slopes corresponds with the early po:r;-tion of the recovery limb (figure 3). Interpo~ation is easily accomplished. A reading takes about 7 seconds, and reliability both for repeated measures and bet\veen scores is high (better than 0. 9). If the baseline (during inactive periods) has an appreciable slope, a correction must be applied. This is a.cccmplished by lowering the baseline of the template to a level half way between the le\'el of wave onset and the ) \ Figure 1. mustration of variation in apparent shape of responses .'laving same recovery time constant but different amplitudes. A ) I Figure 2., Variation in value of t/2 for same initial recovery limb but with vatying activity of the slow compcnent. ) ) -- Figure J. Method 4 determining recovery limb time constant by template method, ) ........ ... .. ..c a-.:•wuR;.-.-..... ~,=waM-.~&•CA.-~a zs-.~ ~ .-aaaa•we~t~• ~•~--------~----------~aa~~------••,.~~----~ ------~-------------------, ~ ... ,---..---------- -7- level at which it takes on d1c slope of tile resting base:.:::;:. In practice this is a .. simple operation which The document page contains typed text, appearing to be part of a scientific report, along with some handwritten annotations and several instances of redactions. The text discusses experimental responses, potential measurements, and the application of AlCl3. There are also numbered list items, suggesting recorded findings or observations. At the top center of the page, there is a circular, dark mark that could be an ink blot or part of a stamp. Several thin, horizontal lines are present at the top and bottom of the page, likely forming part of a document header or footer. The presence of multiple lines of red ink obscuring sections of text indicates that sensitive information has been removed. -- Figure J. Method 4 determining recovery limb time constant by template method, ) ........ ... .. ..c a-.:•wuR;.-.-..... ~,=waM-.~&•CA.-~a zs-.~ ~ .-aaaa•we~t~• ~•~--------~----------~aa~~------••,.~~----~ ------~-------------------, ~ ... ,---..---------- -7- level at which it takes on d1c slope of tile resting base:.:::;:. In practice this is a .. simple operation which is not commonly necessary. =~E c.~-~atf._;41.}.:.Q.....~- ~n-~:_:re mandatory whenev = e. r quantit~~<;!l~~-: tJ.p__£..,c~t~2:~~.!!.)2~· ---=-:,p u:aa:s:::.no; 2. Automatic determination of the time cc=.=-~nt. a. Analog method; · (l) Since the equation for an expo:.-::-:..:::.J.l curve is dE = -kE dt where E is the voltage, t is time G:: ~:is a r~te constant which is the reciprocal of the time conJ~. ) cr = k -Y" 7 where Y' andY'' are the first and ::::::1d derivatives of the recovery' linu'l with respect to time. These :.::.= ::>e readily obtained by the use of opet·'itional amplifiers as show=.:.= ::gure 4. Y1 andY" are fed into a simple division circuit which ta!:::-; ~dvantage of the logarithmic characteristics of a silicon diode i!~, H. L. Review of Scientific Instruments 33, 235-233, 1962. 7.:.: :::ionnation of interest in the outp11t will be the negative peaks c: ::; rate constant which may be :neasured by a digital voltmeter. (2) Another form of the exponem~: =-~·.::ltion, logE = ~kt + c ) ---------illi-«ii ------~--~--·-~--~---~----------e- ------------ 0,0 ·1 r__o . OCJ o-~0~~ \o~Jtl 2tJ 0.1 -v~ ~ If!~ IOK , t>J---r~r=t>-J ! y' y" r:~ ~ lOCK ) ~------~------·~·~ --0------~·-----------v - Figure 4. Circuit for obtaining the first and second de.dvatives (Y' andY") of the recovery limb. _) ~s- suggests tllat the rate constant can b~ obtained by rhe slope of log E U£ainst time or d(log E)/d t. Unfortur.arely this would be useful only if E represents voltage rcfcrrcri to final asymptotic . level {i.e., to baseline), an arrangement w~1ich would be com- plica ted, if indeed attainable. b. Digital method: An approximate solution for obtaining the rate constant lends it- self readily to analysis by digital voltmeter and simple digital computation. It is based on the fact that exponential decay is essentially a percentage relation, i.e., in a small increment of ::ime, the percent recovery is constant regardless of the amplitude ) chosen. From this it follows that the ratio of the absolute incre· ments of recovery in two successive increments of time is related to the time constant. Thus if recovecy is taking place The page contains typed text, primarily white text on a black background, with a page number "-5-" in the upper right corner. There are several handwritten annotations and symbols scattered across the page, including what appear to be checkmarks, underlines, and small curved lines. Some text is underlined, possibly for emphasis or as markings by a reader. There are no visible photographs, official stamps, forms, diagrams, tables, or redacted content. The visual elements are limited to the typed text and the handwritten markings. i.e., in a small increment of ::ime, the percent recovery is constant regardless of the amplitude ) chosen. From this it follows that the ratio of the absolute incre· ments of recovery in two successive increments of time is related to the time constant. Thus if recovecy is taking place at 5 percent per millisecond, th~ recove-ry rate may be obtained, for example at the 1 volt level, by taking = ~ E = .OS x 1 volt .0500 1 6 = E = .05 x 0.95 volt .0475 2 ':"o calculate the rate constant, take = 1 _LJl = 1· .0500 .05 ,c, 2 .0-!75 In practice, voltages are sampled by a digital voltmeter at 3 :o;Jccessive points on the recovery limb, e.g at 0. 2 second -t ) intervals, (figure 5) starting 0.5 seconds aftet" peak and the ' . ~ n ~ " •. ............_ _______.? _ ____________ _ ~ • 2" • • '"' ~ ~ p , • --" H \ A ) T Figur2 5. Method for determining time constant of recovery limb by digital measurements. ) ----------------····~~-··--~--~----------~~----~---.-.--~----~------ ~9- 01ppropriatc calculation made either manually or by computer, 3. Testing the discriminating power of_ the time constant measure .. The t/2 measure was previously shown to be capable of discriminating be~ tween rest and task performance and between the response to an alerting signal and the response to a task execution signal (for some subjects). The new time constant measure was tested on additional populations and under different conditions. One was a comparison on 3S subjects of the time constant associated with the orienting response to a series of tones as compared with that to a series of reaction time tests. Figure 6 shows d1e characteristic acceleration of the recovery limb attending the reaction time effort. Figure 7 s.1ows the results for the entire population (P ( .001). Only two ) subjects failed to show the acceleration. In another evaluation (this one of the power of the t/2 measure) a population of 16 subjects was exposed to a series of moderate light flashes and their orienting responses obt_ained. They were then instructed that when the light flashed (same light) they were to observe the position o-f a moving pointer, but to withhold reporting until requested, 1fl:us no motor activity was overtly invplved in t.ltis perceptual task. Table 1 shows the result ;1:1d also summarizes other The provided page is a typewritten document that has several visual characteristics. At the top, there are a few dark ink marks, possibly smudges or partial stamps, and a page number "-6-". On the left side, there are curved black marks that appear to be part of a document binding or possibly a fold in the paper. No photographs, handwritten annotations, or official stamps are visible. The text itself is the primary content, discussing the "Recovery Limb of the Skin Conductance Response" and methods for measuring its time constant, referencing figures and previous reports. There is no visual evidence of experimental procedures, equipment, or facilities. orienting responses obt_ained. They were then instructed that when the light flashed (same light) they were to observe the position o-f a moving pointer, but to withhold reporting until requested, 1fl:us no motor activity was overtly invplved in t.ltis perceptual task. Table 1 shows the result ;1:1d also summarizes other tests for compara.tive purposes. All but 3 of the 16 subje(:ts showed an acceleration of the recovery limb during the perceptual task. Another example of the ability of the recovery limb to discriminate is seen in figure 8 which shows simultaneous recordings from the dorsal {hand) and palmar sur- ) faces of t\VO individuals. The letter A indicates an alerting si6nal for a forthcoming .· _.. ./ J ) - RT TONES i i. Figure 6. Recordirgs of responses to a series of tones and a series of reaction time signals. showin& acceleration of recovery limb during reaction time series. ) 1 TC 18 .~ 00 •• 15 H • "• .. 12 oo• eoo G 00 9 0 • eooo 0 ~. ,p 0 6 ) • ~ • 0 r.oo 0 0 00 on 0 u~"o' 3 n 0 (~¥"',') 0 it ~~(I ~ ~ 0 TONES RT Figure 7. Scatter diagram of recovery limb time constants of responses to tones and reaction time signals for 35 subjects. ) -· _, ... \ s A S E A E oJ~ 3.1 7.2 5. .0 49 5.0 2..8 p ) -3.1 3.0 1.8 2.6 ·s.7 4.1 2 Figure 8. Simultaneous dorsal and palmar traces for t\vo different subjects showing recovery limb time constants of responses to alerting signal (A), spontaneous activity· (S), and reaction time execution signal (E). ) ., MEAN CHANGE N MEASURE CONDITION A CONDITION B A to B __p__ 12 I 12 t I 2 Rest Aggressive Game -2. 3 <.001 5. 6 sec 3. 3 sec (-41 %) 16/13 t I 2 Light Flashes Perceptual Task -2.3 <.05 7. 9 sec 5. 6 sec (·29 %) 35/ 32 t. c. Tones Reaction Time -5.5 <. 001 10. 4 sec 4. 9 sec {-53%) ) Table 1. Effect of various stimulus conditions upon recovery limb time constant. ) - ..... .. ~ -w- ~ reaction time effort; E is tlte execution signal and S denotes a spontaneous \';ave occurring durtng tile forepcriod. Below these responses are shown the time constants. In the dorsal trace of the The document page primarily features a line graph illustrating variations in apparent response shapes. The graph displays three curves, each starting at a high amplitude and decaying over time, with differing peak heights and durations. Below the graph, a caption states, "Figure 1. Illustration of variation in apparent shape of responses having same recovery time constant but different amplitudes." There are no photographs, handwritten annotations, official stamps, forms, tables, or redactions visible on this page. The visual content solely consists of the graph and its accompanying text. The provided image appears to be a scanned document page containing a scientific graph and accompanying text, labeled "Figure 2." The graph depicts two curves plotted against time, with labels "A" and "B" at different points along the vertical axis. A horizontal line is drawn to indicate "t/2" for one of the curves. The text below the graph reads "Figure 2. Variation in value of t/2 for same initial recovery limb but with varying activity of the slow component." There are also some scattered ink marks and a crescent-shaped annotation on the left side of the page. No photographs, stamps, forms, or redactions are visible. 1. Effect of various stimulus conditions upon recovery limb time constant. ) - ..... .. ~ -w- ~ reaction time effort; E is tlte execution signal and S denotes a spontaneous \';ave occurring durtng tile forepcriod. Below these responses are shown the time constants. In the dorsal trace of the first subjcct the time ccnstant of the spontane- 1 ous response is approximately equal to that of the alerting response while the execution response has a. tirr_c constant of approximately half this length:. Although the absolute levels for the palmar and dorsal traces are different, the same relationships hold. Tl"e second subject (right hand panel) shows a different sort of relation. This subject has a short dme constant in the alerting response. That of the spontaneous response is almost twice as long. The execution response for this subject has a considerably slower recovery limb than does his alerting response. Here again the palmar responses though of different absolute value are in the same ratio as those from the dorsal sur- ) face. These autonomic pattern differences will be examined for possible use as an indicator of characteristic behavior patterns in an individual. Figure 9 exemplifies the application of this measure in the identification of qualitatively different states, despite similarities in response amplitude. In the upper trace a subject is being presented with his first series of reaC[ion time (R1) and word association (WA) stimuli. There was a forewarni~g signal for the reaction time and the subject in each case responded to this alerting signal as well as to the execution e signal. In trace which occurred 8 minutes later, the subject has app.trently habituated to the ~~tuation and has ceased responding to the alerting signal. ~otice the marked slowing of the recovery limbs, and especially that the response to the word association, thoug~1 of similar amplitude 'o that in A, has a greatly differing time ) constant. •• ·~a·z '5hZ ••, _ =· . " RT WA RT I I I I I ------·----J,rf'----__ J ) RT WA RT I I I I I B Figure 9. Conductance responses to reaction time signals (R1) and word association (WA). Traces A and Bare taken on the same subject 8 minutes apart. ) - _, -11- One naturall~· wonders whether t!Iis measure which can differentiate between conditions within a subject independently of response amplitude can also diffcrentia~e bct-.vcen subjects ha.,ing diffe1·cnt behavior The image contains a single diagram with several curves, labeled "Figure 3. Method of determining recovery limb time constant by template method." The diagram appears to be a graph with axes that are not explicitly labeled. Several distinct curves, some with peaks, are plotted on this graph. The document also has two instances of the character ")" in the lower left quadrant, and what looks like a handwritten "C4" in the upper middle. There are also small, irregular marks scattered across the page. reaction time signals (R1) and word association (WA). Traces A and Bare taken on the same subject 8 minutes apart. ) - _, -11- One naturall~· wonders whether t!Iis measure which can differentiate between conditions within a subject independently of response amplitude can also diffcrentia~e bct-.vcen subjects ha.,ing diffe1·cnt behavior patterns in similar situations. To answer this question, the recovery time constants of responses to reaction time efforts were used to characterize the individual subjects. Also determined for each subject was a mc·asure of the rate of habituation of their responses either to a series of tones or a :=:z-~~~~:=:::w · --.~~<:..== _,=-..z:r-x-........-.,..,...,_.~~lif series of reaction ti:ne efforts as seen in figure 6. The measure of ha_Dl.Ulation was ~~ 'a:::'Qigi:D:IM*L·~·~-~ a.-..--..,.. ... ,_.. ...,_.,.. ._...._.._,. r •a tt;.~J.lll!2.!~S.,Q.Q.g.§e. The larger this ratio, the more rapid the habituation. Table 2 shows the results of comparisons across subjects. (Square root transformation was ) used in some cases :o obtain a linear regression.) In all cases the time constant ( SG/t) measure was that of the skin conductance response obtained dur::ng the r('action tiine - _, .. LLJA'..,.,.#l.l series. Various measures of habituation rate were compared with this. In the first case it was the skin conductance response during the reaction time series. This < (P showed a 0. 33 correlation with the recovery time constant, .opwhich is interpreted as indicating that a short time constant is associated with sustained activation a: ~-vrtz "M 1111:1 ••~ •cq;s- ...-ca----n-e Ed"-=' (motivation?) in the RT task. In another cc·mparison, the habituation rate for SCR was obtained during the tone series and compared with the same time constants as above. There was no significant correla~io