Doc 0000148340
CIA
This document is a declassified CIA memorandum from the MKUltra program, detailing a briefing and discussion about a project's entry, problem statement, development, importance to covert operations, objectives, and relationships with other entities.
This is one record. The archive holds the rest — ask it anything across the MKUltra files and every answer is cited to the page.
Ask the archive about this →-.-, --------- -~.'-., . , .. ,_ ' • . . . . -:·I ':I .' . ·' -~~· . :' . •. . ·_r.; ArEl.-IORAiiDUi.i TO Tllli FILE . .... SUD'JECT: ~~r-- ;~\,, . ~~' Present: ·-.'~·- -;i ... i• f-l.' \: ~-... ~:- .Others 7';.!. ... ~-: i..·~.: ·.. r ,• ;:.. " . .... . _. . .. , . I ., .r .. :.~,. . J'.tx • . A. BIUEFIHG ...r·J. ·:~ .')-·. 1. briefly <.lescriLed his o•m ent17 into t.hc project. .;~ .. -~.:;~ f-;;:"'.-; .,., . 2. stat-=-d the prohlC!m. !!·~ lhcu de:ic!·iued the c.tcvelon- :';~.,~,:~··; ~ent of the project within tJ1e variou::; int:.crcst.ed colilponents of the • * J.Genc:t o J. 'c.Jc:>cribc<.l thl3 importance of thl3 projr.ct to covert operations o •~ A. L. ained other interests .. ... and-obj _ --5 A-. - . I • scuo::;cd th .. e objective::; and pror;ra:i!S of ,......._... ----~--;-- - . ---- J.f- ~ l:s . ~ -" - . · ' ' t . f · j B. DISCUSSIOII BEAJU!II"f OU HELATiui·lSHIPS WITH ---- I . ..__ ~ ' • lo de::;cril:e<.l the relation:;hip or the project t.o 1".urk ... uc til at rnny clone : ------ ---- ------------- -~----- -· ~- ' 8/, ;~ These i tcms a.1:c cl::.l.;orat.~d upon in the a \:.t..acilr;<l Di5cu~5ion • .. .......f . ..·.·. ...·.·.·· , •.• ~-~) . " .. , - - .. 7 To Accou:p~n~' i ilnu tcr. of ; ·,,, l.inc held 23 .ruJ.:;. ! - r ........ .. ., . .. ·. ., A-1 ~ ,r - ;- i :t ~ ., c ----. ; statP.d th~t th~ problem 5.ncJmlcc7 lwt. on-+:: tiJ"' A r P 'P : - ~ . f . ? . • • ;).-...;•·' ;; . dev •• e · lopment of teclun. . q ue::; hut s:tud.:r o.f ftmdal'l~nt:.;.V f ""l-Tllle'l ~lp.":1-vyrC:.'Lncn1..la tric .. ' react.i on::;. The rna t ter appea.rz to Ymrrant careful st.tJd)• and con ccntrt~.ted efforf". in view of its noteliLi~ effect on n~tiomtl . security. fi ,_rc .;.w<lilabln for u. t lca5t . one day itt;·lllich to obt;ain 11hat0ver t:-acl{[;rouJ1d YlC m:1y be able to . give them. It i~ hoped that on the baois of thir, infonn<:ttion th'3y rrill acree th~t the matter ir<lrrants their continuinc participation .". as panel. members. . . . .. . : t •• • A
The image is a black background with a stylized, glowing blue and white title that reads "THE BLACK VAULT." To the left, there is a graphic of a vault door, detailed with mechanical components and a blue light emanating from its center. To the right of the vault graphic, white text explains that the document was obtained from The Black Vault, an online database of declassified government documents, specifically the MKULTRA/Mind Control Collection. This collection, comprising over 20,000 pages from the CIA, is available for download at a provided URL. The URL is displayed in a bright yellow font at the bottom.
The document is a memorandum with handwritten annotations and stamps. There are large redacted areas obscuring text, particularly in the "Present" section and under numbered bullet points. Handwritten additions include what appear to be alphanumeric codes and letters in the margins, such as "A/B, 11,6", "G", "AC", "A", "H B/3", and "B/3". Several sections are marked with asterisks, suggesting cross-references or notes. The document appears to be a summary of a meeting, with sections on "BRIEFING" and "DISCUSSION BEARING ON RELATIONSHIPS WITH".
. one day itt;·lllich to obt;ain 11hat0ver t:-acl{[;rouJ1d YlC m:1y be able to . give them. It i~ hoped that on the baois of thir, infonn<:ttion th'3y rrill acree th~t the matter ir<lrrants their continuinc participation .". as panel. members. . . . .. . : t •• • A ·.'!.... ..• . .... . . ... subject, at least in principle, 1 " •. ' of the inten~st of t,he Di.r~c tor and . ~·; 'tllle noted th~t tlln ar:.:cnc:r pror.:,TClr.l .G1 f} \'iill be broad and comprelltmsiv e, invol·.;inr; both dome otic a.1d over .. ,. . . seas activitie::;, n.nd takj_nf. into consider<lt.ion the procrn.il:i and ,;. ~. . . objecti·;es of o:ther clepurtmerito, princip~ll:r the m.ilitar:r service::; • ~~ ~ 1-t ......... . . . _ . , .. .. A-3 . .placed as first prioritr: a. A statement ~s to pre!)ent po~sibilities based on finnl.:t· est41.blisiled facts. ...... .... b. A a:; to t-he po:1oibilit.ie::; oL: fnt.m·e clcvclop- :;t::~.tnm~nt , ... 4. . ment of tcclmiquc:;. :"":.! . ~;. I+ ,1~~ { st;ltecl that r;hilc much of cli::cus:;ion rel:1.tivc th~ to this project had been disrJ.is:;ecl as phanta::;y, prilctical experience had sho'm that evcrj· phase of the problem w~s important to his off ico. His probleras were chiefl:r: - . a. Eliciting in.fonnation. . iC.:·· .. ,..._ ... .· ·-•_:f- · . .. ,. . b. Cro~s checkinG or verifyinG information • . ~ .. . .. . ~.-. ~- '·:. RememberinG that field condi tion5 requir~ ~-he minimum of clinical : .. ·' . l ; prep<Jration before opcrntionnl use, infol1'la.t.ion is desired as t.0 ., I tho me<ll1S by which control may be -'3.s:;crtecl o·.rer an individual undt:r: ,·.; .t: I . .a. . . .- · a. Cont.rollcd conditions • :r: ·: ... ··' b. J'u l'J condi tionz. ·J..J.. ~~ '•'' .Fror.1 tl:e r<orl~ thni". i1:1.n b~r.n done l,o clat·.n :1.nd a C0!"1"-~ i.n <Jnotm t. of ~;1' . lmor.n field ·expeL·ience, it is assumnd the me am; considered ;·.-ill l.Jc: Ol' ~ ' ,. '" .. .. -~ ·.oC .. .. a. Druc;o I .... ._ . b. Hypnoois .. .~... .. : ~ c. A combination of a. ::md b.· above. ,._. . ·· . . ~ .. ,.' . ·' Ile ur[;cd the panel, hol'rcver, not to limit it:;clf to the con::;idcra tion of onl:r popu.lnr technique::;, but
.. a. Druc;o I .... ._ . b. Hypnoois .. .~... .. : ~ c. A combination of a. ::md b.· above. ,._. . ·· . . ~ .. ,.' . ·' Ile ur[;cd the panel, hol'rcver, not to limit it:;clf to the con::;idcra tion of onl:r popu.lnr technique::;, but to review anJ' means which will ~ive reoult::;. ·• ,4.. Tisted as hir,hl;-,..- important the cousiden.t.ion of the pos::;ibili ties o1' a baoic s Lud.}' of i.nte1-roc;aUon \'rl tll and •tri thout aids such as the polycraph. This device has proven to be an excellent ente'rinc TTeclee in that it shows variations frot:1 normal conduct. · ·Experience in interrogation has shmm that it is the points of variat.icm frolil norm<ll conduct at which it i:; moot e<:Lsy t.o ·effect a .. ps:rcholoGical entry and ultimate control • ..... A . ..; ~::;o cliscuo::;ed the 'tl.tcs\:.inn of incl11ct~n of d.efection and the fact that there have· been som~ notablc.W@S r.uccE:s.:;es. The F concensus of opinion was that there ,·;ere rnc:my factors not directl:r related to the nro;ect which had a bearinG on defection. (The possible - success of t.hcf'llliiQ¥iiii in S01~c of the objectives desired by ~ .r. 9.6loi1), were considered.) ... . A-4 A ad:nowlo::!d(:ed i:.hC" n~ed for cli~i tine :md vcrH:,"inG infonnat.ion, and strE'l=:;secl Fr,hlcr.t of control under th~J u!j~m·Unr. ·. . v.:u-icd conclition;:,. 1:ormal inlerro;;ation 11011nally pre::mpposcd that '. tJ1e rer~on is tu1ttcr our control for a certain period of time. lie -·~~~o•l would like to lalo,-1 for l1is office, ltonever, if it is possible to· ,.... .~f-?.· , - ' . ~ ... assert control ,.ri thout removi;JG a person from his normi"ll contacts. . Under such conditjons the person could be rnnde to r~port back for ,. . further indoctrination or receipt of comroa11ds at a later and less ~.~. ... ' ~ ! :. conspicuous opportuni:ty, ~ . . . .• ; ~ ~.r-#1 .• A ' stated that he was alr.J.re that ~omc success hc>.d ~·~. 0 bec-Hi obtained >riLil post h.nmotic suege:;t.ion; ho;tever, this harl becm i'.'': frequent.l:r done w1clcr J.nhoratory condition:.. The problem of us~ertion of control under actual field conditions micht therefore rcquil·e a , I wholly new· a·renne of approach. -$1t4&11st.resscd tl1e dcfP.n::;j.ve asr:ecto of tile prolllem st.-1.~:,inc l:.hat they were prim.:u·i.ly interested _, ,,· \ in: .., . .~ .. ..(..-..... . a. Dclnc aule to be certain that
This page contains handwritten annotations and stamps in the upper right corner including "A/B, Ⅲ, 11, 7" and what appears to be a classification marking. There are several redacted sections of text throughout the document, indicated by blacked-out boxes. The document is typed and appears to be meeting minutes or a report with numbered sections (A-1, A-2, A-3). There is no visual evidence of experimental procedures, equipment, or facilities.
This page is a typed document with handwritten annotations. Faint dots and smudges are visible throughout, indicating age and handling. Handwritten letters "A", "A F", and "A G" appear in the right margin, likely annotations or classifications. Several sections of text are obscured by black redactions, particularly on the left side of the page and near the bottom. The document also features a page number "_2_" and a small, dark, rectangular stamp-like shape near the bottom center. The overall appearance suggests a declassified document that has undergone standard redaction procedures.
problem of us~ertion of control under actual field conditions micht therefore rcquil·e a , I wholly new· a·renne of approach. -$1t4&11st.resscd tl1e dcfP.n::;j.ve asr:ecto of tile prolllem st.-1.~:,inc l:.hat they were prim.:u·i.ly interested _, ,,· \ in: .., . .~ .. ..(..-..... . a. Dclnc aule to be certain that thc;i llacl cornplc tc future ' control of their om1 aBtmts. •.. . .... ·, . . .. '': .. b. DreaJdnG the control ;·;hich a..11 e.n~nty mie;h t have over ·- at;ents whic~ fall in . .t o our hands • • ~ 2 - . .• ' ·-.r-. . - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- . ... ·',":• ---- A-5 . ~- dczcribcd t.hc int~rcst of the.· .. ' H - r.:o:;t <lctivc in this Li.C'lct. SupportinG tltcf ects outside of tho eovernment and the drug-project. at L thin • ... -.. ---- Par t.iclJ ..v suppor:tinr. t.h ha-r.:. . nr ~uch~""an.int.erest as c at f.~anu supportl..l1C a r;rant to is maintaininG a polic·.· control over the re::;e<u-ch wot·k which has been ~ ,11 · ': \ :: . , ·'. . dele~ated to the The purpose of such projects has been to increase the resistance to di::;closurc winch would be .... . :-;~ ; . ,..:... ..., . demanded of pilots wllose planes fall in enemy territory. . " ~ reproscntnt:.i·TP.S :u-e not ·.',·· r .·1•· r,ro\\ndcu in tho project. as the . . eprescnt:1t.i'iC ~ thoy ,.till be more effective as t:iJ11e .., pror.:rc~~es. .... .... stated that. because of certain relationship::; tha_t c. z t., r, ·.-;ill be ... ....... necessary to make contacts with tho e.xi.sti.J1~ projects on inclividuo.l bases. . : 1.'!,~..~.... ,~ 1:-. '· . ~-_..,.. l' • ,. . quefit.ion ;ras rai::;ed as to the kno~·;lcdf:;e· possessed by one ,_I ,.. .. . ------~~----- bout the projects under \":::ty in anoth£r. - , . ·. . ~ , .· - .~d that one or the main r1mctions · o[ til .• and his staff ,·;az to effect n pr:>per exchanc:e of. info11na 7,· tho various(- JUll:.ere~ted in t.hc rr,,ject. As t.he different reprc:;entaEfve::; become more famiJ.in.r ;·rit.h thoir dut:.ic:. and :-.'. ~..,..i.~s_ _.a ble to point to :\ set of defini!:.e accomplislunents, tlu:!n the e>:change will become much more- effective. In conclusion, "stated th.?.t there were three areas of project lllterest: a. Direct projects, e.g.,-~~ b4 Indirect. proj€1cts - Tho:;e noTI" ~xi:;t.inr, as funda.ile!'ltal as
This document is a typed report with significant portions redacted. Handwritten annotations, including alphanumeric codes like "A B/3" and "H", are present in the margins. There are black ink redactions obscuring names, project details, and specific organizations, particularly in the first half of the page. The document lists different areas of project interest, such as "Direct projects" and "Indirect projects," with some bullet points and sub-points. The overall impression is a heavily classified internal report detailing research projects and their associated interests.
famiJ.in.r ;·rit.h thoir dut:.ic:. and :-.'. ~..,..i.~s_ _.a ble to point to :\ set of defini!:.e accomplislunents, tlu:!n the e>:change will become much more- effective. In conclusion, "stated th.?.t there were three areas of project lllterest: a. Direct projects, e.g.,-~~ b4 Indirect. proj€1cts - Tho:;e noTI" ~xi:;t.inr, as funda.ile!'ltal as research rrhich \'Till shor: a bearint; on tile problem t.!teJ bccor,:~e la1orm to us • c. Hel:1.l~m..l rro,ir.ct:; - Tllo:;0 wit.il ~li;,htlJ different u.i.roc- ·f'.ion but h<r.rin~ pt·obahle by-products of val1:c to u:;, e.c.~pt;t· project on po~it.icaJ. war!arr.. ·. n-1 a. ?(ln thi:; noint- thn pn!·l.ion or the i.n.fot71".t.ion ~""" A v:as furnir.n"'d n:; 00.(!11 Vf'!l':f r;.:.rc [uJ. not to g ~ :S duplicate tlle acti·Tit:.ic:; ;1i1ich tile individual.--- lhu.vc b'3cn sponsoring. As tJ1ey have not been asked to initl.ntei procram, the:r ... have confined most of their wort~ to the rplat:.cd fie>ld or rna::;s ~'?.'<'·· of and the work has been clone throuGh their . ,.' . . ~ •'. ··~ f ":. . , . .. w1w:i.ll.~nr; ~t::.rt a~ C ·lFld bcr!P to a pt·ot:r<•m he ; :· ·-.·~ was cxpectint; to l0::..ve-- IIi:: 0ucccssor is no•r armit:i.nc Senate confirmation and rrill consider the 11atter soon. ·- \will ...I r .'J ...: \ : . • . ; . '1 .. . . . ' . '. . , . . ,i I • ~. for some time be a consultant for CIA. A . :.~~I b. obtained the r .... -- ····' ........ .' ··· following ancl Development: F .. . '\' ~,, ~~~·. l. Th~rc i:; no formal undcrr. t.andinr; bet•·;ecn C.- :· ·~ .;ol;j. : N."u·. 2. Thora is no existing P.rogram the pre.sent ..... time.·~· J • There will be' one. h. Y4c may expect :i.nc;,uiries fron the to our F ~s progress. I c. aescribeu his I ... visit t.here and s t:.at.ed til.::~.t they ;·tcre apparcnti~' do inc very ·••ell for a nevrly est.:3.blished oq;anization. lie hoped that close opera- . tional liai::;on rrill be estr:~.blished, as that is one of the best - possible source~ of subjects. B-2 &tnt.ed. that. he had ber:n in tot;r:lt r;itit. .~,. . ':;"' ii""-:ttl(l tlt:J.t tlteral Q i - ' 5Upport .:;ome work of hi.:;. The co:nmcnt r1~\:i rnnde th.:at/ · · ... .. --· in t.erests arc mostly in the field of fund.w~ntal resnarcli and···· . .t . h · .·. . a ··
The page is a typed document with multiple redactions of black ink obscuring portions of the text. Handwritten annotations in blue ink are present in the margins. These include single letters, such as "C", "A", and "F", as well as combinations like "B/3" and "A,C", and the number "1". There are no photographs, forms, diagrams, tables, or official stamps visible. The visual evidence primarily consists of the obscured text and the handwritten marginalia.
had ber:n in tot;r:lt r;itit. .~,. . ':;"' ii""-:ttl(l tlt:J.t tlteral Q i - ' 5Upport .:;ome work of hi.:;. The co:nmcnt r1~\:i rnnde th.:at/ · · ... .. --· in t.erests arc mostly in the field of fund.w~ntal resnarcli and···· . .t . h · .·. . a ·· t . thi . s . . should be b . o rne in . . mi . nd . in . fra . .znine any project . f . o r . h i.."n • ··. 1 J 3 t /}. . C-1 In cormection v:i. t.h the discussion of--.. anti classification, - · MfA'iiii$$1stated that.: .. ~ , a. The hi~ilest cl:1ssification mu5t be placed on anythin~ : ;-:; .. .· whie:h re~·eal~d the operations of the at;cnc;:r. -;"'-·, I· J. I .. b. · 1'h~ substantive matter of the rc::;carch, ~o lone a:; anj~ 'conncc tion ~·i.i.til CIA is not revealed, should be ;J.S open as possi'oJ.c. .• J! , Tiic qur.::;t.i.on ,-,:-;,:-:; raisnd as t.o t.hc nocd .for +.he cl<l~sific;ltion ···f of certain infor:r.al.io11 rclat.inc; to CIA, s11ch :~.s t.he fact ti1at. the :If: .•, •. . accncy U:jes n pol:n:r<tvh· It was pointed out th'it ccrt.:~.in n.•1cr-all .· fact::; abont the :~.ccncy become pHblic. I r thr.l'e n::t:. .rrcc c.liscns:;ion uo of t.he ovcrl.'.activitic::;, tl:e cxl:.cnli of co\·crl:. <1-ct.ivit.ie::; could easily deduced. c. A . C-2 ·ai::;r.::l the question or t!:c cfe~n\llCe ' o r - ' I , . ( ' . . ~ · . · . ~ ~· .·•; . . he desJ.red to have as consultant::;. . . · . · · . . ! .. ~ :._ . . . ' .: ,., ' ·J.~.·.f '~· ,2,i: .,..1 ,:, ' • ·~· .I ·'t' :• . . .. ·. s~ -------------- ..... D-1 __ ·, a. Thn .report on tlru;_;:~ prcpan~d at' ~,e.. t.lurinc the war. b. 0 thcr reports as a •1ailablc on U:lclmiqucs for sclecti'nt:; ~nd e'v·alnating personnel based on previou::; (rrorld rTar II), cov-ert operation::;. - '1· \( t: I ·. . c. Personnel selection , records or methods of: .. ,., ... (1) ''1· . i f t . ." , ~ •• •. . .. . .. . ~ (2) ~ H '19,'·:·- (J) .. _~. ~ ., ·J, (h) ~-J· :• :. :t (5) .:~ (6) Other a ••. . .. . f .
The document page displays a typed list of potential information sources related to personnel selection and experimental procedures. Several rectangular sections of text are redacted, obscuring specific details within the listed points. Handwritten annotations, including the letters "H," "e," "c," and "#," are present at various locations on the page, likely indicating review or categorization by an individual. A small, shaded rectangular shape towards the bottom left appears to be a partial redacted form or document. The page also contains what looks like numbered and bulleted lists, formatted to categorize different types of information.
or methods of: .. ,., ... (1) ''1· . i f t . ." , ~ •• •. . .. . .. . ~ (2) ~ H '19,'·:·- (J) .. _~. ~ ., ·J, (h) ~-J· :• :. :t (5) .:~ (6) Other a ••. . .. . f . . I·• . • :_ ... . · .· c· I •. 0 d. Tl1e ;,orl< of/-~~ e - '• lM e. projects; those related to our intArP.st. rtdnted research projects of ti G• References used by the follovrin~ authors on: (1) D~sic physioloe;y: c.. . ~ .. e •,.·.. . j.. .. ,:. .,. ~ ,.:,., (2) PublicRI:.iou:::; on liypnosis and ~u;:;r~cstion throuf)1 I n:u•cosi::; uy: I ( ~) ·.(b) (c) . .., ,. . • .. f J....f. ; f.';; / . . ' .- .<.. . . : .. ' . : . • I.·~ .. • .• ~ ,• • • • ' - • (d)- . ... - . - E-1 A stud:,' o:· Llw amo::>n"\ld.J.it~,- nr l)lC jnrl.ixi•.111·1.l ;"tncl the clct-ccL.i.r'n of such ;u.,en::tbi.U.t.:/ :Ls nccdn.tl. h rv.:\.Lua'.-itt!: ;,1!~ ~ffcct.Lvcncs:; •)L' any '1ctllotl tho tlu;r,rcc of or.ton-:~.lli! i.i,;r of the ::;uh,jcct :i.s an i:-:1port.ant factor. (l'lt~rc r:1ust b<:! kct:; to it a::; st.'lc.;c h;nmot,ist.s pt·obabl::r •. a'. • -. have tests hy \'lhich they determine fro:n o. group of ·..-olunl:.eers tho:>e that ·,·rill be rno~t c azily hypnoti~cd). · E-2 TilC~rc ;;a:; ::tp{':trent <l(.rccm8nl'. tll.1.t ono.~ IJt tit" b1.:;ic nectls ~-.-as a thoro'tGh ~v.:'.lltnl.i.on of int-8n·o;;:t tion i1;"lrl .intcrTOC<1.tion me t,ho<.ls. 1'he qucs't,ionr, t.o Uc considered arc: a. Y/it.::Lt i!; to l:-e learned .frora t.hosc c~q)ed.tmced in inter- . viewing, sucl1 as : .. ':'. ·: ·.- ....... (1) Clinician~ •'I If : : · .• '. " ' ' . ~_.;, . •. (2) ~crr:;p:tper reporter:; • · ' ; i JI . . ·). F ,· b. l!ow do 1d 1\!:lcricnn me thotls t:or:tp<.'l.rc '? ~f ~ ~:. ·.·t..~; :. c. Uo7r t.locs the <\tti tude of the int~rro~a.l:.or <U!ect the ....... . results? ,,._-·~· - :.· .. _ . ·. I· .• ' E-3 The dcc:rec of r.:'rnpha:;j,s that sh:1.ll Lc :'lnccrl ,_,pon dcvicas t:1ust - be decided C\ t <m ~.:rrl.r ncctinr; o.f the panel jJ1 oil tlininG i tr. pror::r<Uil. 'l'he e:{i"~ricnt:o of tho::;~ :i.n t.hc fi~Jlcl hr:L:; been thut ·t.ile ~ld.lled HSe l')f :".1\ info t.r1UII0::11t:. SllCh ?..::;
The document contains handwritten annotations and appears to be a typed report with several redacted or obscured sections, indicated by blacked-out areas. One prominent blacked-out area obscures text between "How do" and "Pund American methods compare?" in section E-2. Other blacked-out areas appear in the top right and bottom right corners of the page. There are no photographs, diagrams, tables, or official stamps visible.
.• ' E-3 The dcc:rec of r.:'rnpha:;j,s that sh:1.ll Lc :'lnccrl ,_,pon dcvicas t:1ust - be decided C\ t <m ~.:rrl.r ncctinr; o.f the panel jJ1 oil tlininG i tr. pror::r<Uil. 'l'he e:{i"~ricnt:o of tho::;~ :i.n t.hc fi~Jlcl hr:L:; been thut ·t.ile ~ld.lled HSe l')f :".1\ info t.r1UII0::11t:. SllCh ?..::; <l f.Ol.i'('.l"~ph r:rc!J.i.,~~{ inCl"C~:3'C:'1 th~ potential of ~1 inl".~rro1;o:tor for clr!l:,.;~c t:.inG in~\ccm·a~..:ic::; in stat:.cmcnt:.::; • • - . -· .· ... ·- I I .· ~'~ ·. .! • . ~; t ' . ··~··(; ··.: .. -.- .~,,... s . ·, -
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